Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a new watermarking algorithm to embed an invisible watermark into the intra-frames of an MPEG video sequence. Unlike previous methods where each video frame is marked separately, our proposed technique uses high-order tensor decomposition of videos. The key idea behind our approach is to represent a fixed number of the intra-frames as a 3D tensor with two dimensions in space and one dimension in time. Then we modify the singular values of the 3D tensor, which have a good stability and represent the video properties. The main attractive features of this approach are simplicity and robustness. The experimental results show the robustness of the proposed scheme against the most common attacks including geometric transformations, adaptive random noise, low pass filtering, histogram equalization, frame dropping, frame swapping, and frame averaging.
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Abdallah, E.E., Hamza, A.B., Bhattacharya, P. (2007). MPEG Video Watermarking Using Tensor Singular Value Decomposition. In: Kamel, M., Campilho, A. (eds) Image Analysis and Recognition. ICIAR 2007. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 4633. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74260-9_69
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74260-9_69
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
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