Abstract
Higher-order recursion schemes and higher-order pushdown automata are closely related methods for generating infinite hierarchies of infinite structures. Subsuming well-known classes of models of computation, these rich hierarchies (of word languages, trees, and graphs respectively) have excellent model-checking properties. In this extended abstract, we survey recent expressivity and decidability results about these infinite structures.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Jones, N.D., Muchnick, S.S.: Complexity of finite memory programs with recursion. Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery 25, 312–321 (1978)
Muller, D.E., Schupp, P.E.: The theory of ends, pushdown automata, and second-order logic. Theoretical Computer Science 37, 51–75 (1985)
Kupferman, O., Vardi, M.Y.: An automata-theoretic approach to reasoning about infinite-state systems. In: Emerson, E.A., Sistla, A.P. (eds.) CAV 2000. LNCS, vol. 1855, Springer, Heidelberg (2000)
Maslov, A.N.: The hierarchy of indexed languages of an arbitrary level. Soviet mathematics Doklady 15, 1170–1174 (1974)
Maslov, A.N.: Multilevel stack automata. Problems of Information Transmission 12, 38–43 (1976)
Aho, A.: Indexed grammars - an extension of context-free grammars. J. ACM 15, 647–671 (1968)
Damm, W.: The IO- and OI-hierarchy. Theoretical Computer Science 20, 95–207 (1982)
Damm, W., Goerdt, A.: An automata-theoretical characterization of the OI-hierarchy. Information and Control 71, 1–32 (1986)
Knapik, T., Niwiński, D., Urzyczyn, P.: Deciding monadic theories of hyperalgebraic trees. In: Abramsky, S. (ed.) TLCA 2001. LNCS, vol. 2044, pp. 253–267. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)
Rabin, M.O.: Decidability of second-order theories and automata on infinite trees. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 141, 1–35 (1969)
Courcelle, B.: The monadic second-order logic of graphs IX: machines and their behaviours. Theoretical Computer Science 151, 125–162 (1995)
Knapik, T., Niwiński, D., Urzyczyn, P.: Higher-order pushdown trees are easy. In: Nielsen, M., Engberg, U. (eds.) ETAPS 2002 and FOSSACS 2002. LNCS, vol. 2303, pp. 205–222. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
de Miranda, J.: Structures generated by higher-order grammars and the safety constraint. PhD thesis, University of Oxford (2006)
Caucal, D.: On infinite terms having a decidable monadic theory. In: Diks, K., Rytter, W. (eds.) MFCS 2002. LNCS, vol. 2420, pp. 165–176. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Carayol, A., Wöhrle, S.: The Caucal hierarchy of infinite graphs in terms of logic and higher-order pushdown automata. In: Pandya, P.K., Radhakrishnan, J. (eds.) FST TCS 2003: Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science. LNCS, vol. 2914, pp. 112–123. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Caucal, D.: On infinite transition graphs having a decidable monadic theory. In: Meyer auf der Heide, F., Monien, B. (eds.) ICALP 1996. LNCS, vol. 1099, pp. 194–205. Springer, Heidelberg (1996)
Hyland, J.M.E., Ong, C.H.L.: On Full Abstraction for PCF: I. Models, observables and the full abstraction problem, II. Dialogue games and innocent strategies, III. A fully abstract and universal game model. Information and Computation 163, 285–408 (2000)
Ong, C.H.L.: On model-checking trees generated by higher-order recursion schemes. In: Proceedings of the 21st Annual IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS 2006), pp. 81–90. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (2006)
Knapik, T., Niwiński, D., Urzyczyn, P., Walukiewicz, I.: Unsafe grammars and panic automata. In: Caires, L., Italiano, G.F., Monteiro, L., Palamidessi, C., Yung, M. (eds.) ICALP 2005. LNCS, vol. 3580, pp. 1450–1461. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Aehlig, K., Miranda, J.G.d., Ong, C.H.L.: The monadic second order theory of trees given by arbitrary level two recursion schemes is decidable. In: Urzyczyn, P. (ed.) TLCA 2005. LNCS, vol. 3461, pp. 39–54. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Aehlig, K.: A finite semantics for simply-typed lambda terms for infinite runs of automata. In: Ésik, Z. (ed.) CSL 2006. LNCS, vol. 4207, pp. 104–118. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Hague, M., Murawski, A.S., Ong, C.H.L., Serre, O.: Collapsible pushdown automata and recursion schemes. Technical report, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, p. 56 (Preprint, 2007), downloable from users.comlab.ox.ac.uk/luke.ong/publications/cpda-long.pdf
Aehlig, K., de Miranda, J.G., Ong, C.H.L.: Safety is not a restriction at level 2 for string languages. In: Sassone, V. (ed.) FOSSACS 2005. LNCS, vol. 3441, pp. 490–501. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Blum, W.: A tool for constructing structures generated by higher-order recursion schemes and collapsible pushdown automata (2007), web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/work/william.blum/
Walukiewicz, I.: Pushdown processes: games and model-checking. Information and Computation 157, 234–263 (2001)
Cachat, T.: Higher order pushdown automata, the Caucal hierarchy of graphs and parity games. In: Baeten, J.C.M., Lenstra, J.K., Parrow, J., Woeginger, G.J. (eds.) ICALP 2003. LNCS, vol. 2719, pp. 556–569. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Nivat, M.: On the interpretation of recursive polyadic program schemes. Symp. Math. XV, 255–281 (1975)
Murawski, A.S., Ong, C.H.L., Walukiewicz, I.: Idealized Algol with ground recursion and DPDA equivalence. In: Caires, L., Italiano, G.F., Monteiro, L., Palamidessi, C., Yung, M. (eds.) ICALP 2005. LNCS, vol. 3580, pp. 917–929. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ong, C.H.L. (2007). Hierarchies of Infinite Structures Generated by Pushdown Automata and Recursion Schemes. In: Kučera, L., Kučera, A. (eds) Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science 2007. MFCS 2007. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 4708. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74456-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74456-6_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-74455-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-74456-6
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)