Skip to main content

Reducing the Cost of Communication and Coordination in Distributed Software Development

  • Conference paper
Software Engineering Approaches for Offshore and Outsourced Development (SEAFOOD 2007)

Abstract

Decades of software engineering research have tried to reduce the interdependency of source code to make parallel development possible. However, code remains helplessly interlinked and software development requires frequent formal and informal communication and coordination among software developers. Communication and coordination cost still dominates the cost of software development. When the development team is separated by oceans, the cost of communication and coordination increases dramatically. To better understand the cost of communication and coordination in software development, this paper proposes to conceptualize software as a knowledge ecosystem that consists of three interlinked elements: code, documents, and developers. This conceptualization enables us to understand and pinpoint the social dependency of developers created by the code dependency. We show that a better understanding of the social dependency would increase the economic use of the collective attention of software developers with a proposed new communication mechanism that frees developers from the overload of communication that does not interest them, and thus reduces the overall cost of communication and coordination in software development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Allen, T.J.: Managing the flow of technology. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Arguello, J., et al.: Talk to me: Foundations for successful individual-group interactions in online communities. In: Proceedings of conference on human factors in computer systems (chi06)., pp. 959–968. ACM Press, Montréal, Canada (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Brooks, F.P.J.: The mythical man-month: Essays on software engineering, 20th edn. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Brown, J.S., Duguid, P.: Organizing knowledge. Society for Organizational Learning Journal 1(2), 28–44 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Coleman, J.C.: Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology 94, 95–120 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Cross, R., Borgatti, S.P: The ties that share: Relational characteristics that facilitate information seeking. In: Huysman, M., Wulf, V. (eds.) Social capital and information technology, pp. 137–161. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  7. de Souza, C.R.B., et al.: How a good software practice thwarts collaboration: The multiple roles of apis in software development. In: de Souza, C.R.B., et al. (eds.) Proceedings of the 12th acm sigsoft twelfth international symposium on foundations of software engineering (fse04), pp. 221–220. Newport Beach, CA (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Dorina, C.G.: Distribution dimensions in software development projects: A taxonomy. IEEE Software 23(5), 45 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Fischer, G., Scharff, E., Ye, Y.: Fostering social creativity by increasing social capital. In: Huysman, M., Wulf, V. (eds.) Social capital, pp. 355–399 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Goldberg, A.: Collaborative software engineering. Journal of Object Technology 1(1), 1–19 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Goldhaber, M.H.: The attention economy. First Monday 2(4) (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Herbsleb, J., Grinter, R.E.: Splitting the organization and integrating the code: Conway’s law revisited. In: Proceedings of international conference on software engineering (icse99), pp. 85–95 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Herbsleb, J., Mockus, A.: An empirical study of speed and communication in globally-distributed software development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 29(3), 1–14 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Herbsleb, J.D., Grinter, R.E: Architectures, coordination, and distance: Conway’s law and beyond. IEEE Software, 63–70 (September- October 1999)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hoff, B.v.d., Ridder, J.d., Aukema, E.: Exploring the eagerness to share knowledge: The role of social capital and ict in knowledge sharing. In: Huysman, M., Wulf, V. (eds.) Social capital and information technology, pp. 163–186. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hollan, J., Hutchins, E., Kirsch, D.: Distributed cognition: Toward a new foundation for human-computer interaction research. In: Carroll, J.M. (ed.) Human-computer interaction in the new millennium, pp. 75–94. ACM Press, New York (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Illich, I.: Deschooling society. Harper and Row, New York (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Kraut, R.E., et al.: Informal communications in organizations: Form, function, and technology. In: Oskamp, I.S., Spacapan, S. (eds.) Human reactions to technology: The claremont symposium on applies social psychology, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Kraut, R.E., Streeter, L.: Coordination in software development. CACM 38(3), 69–81 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Latour, B.: Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  21. McDonald, D.W., Ackerman, M.S.: Just talk to me: A field study of expertise location. In: McDonald, D.W., Ackerman, M.S. (eds.) Proceedings of conference on computer supported cooperative work (cscw 1998), pp. 315–324. Seattle, WA (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Meyer, B.: The unspoken revolution in software engineering, pp. 121–124. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Mockus, A., Herbsleb, J.: Expertise browser: A quantitative approach to identifying expertise. In: Proceedings of 2002 international conference on software engineering, Orlando, FL, pp. 503–512 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Mumford, E.: Socio-technical system design: Evolving theory and practice. In: Bjerknes, P.G., Ehn, P., Kyng, M. (eds.) Computers and democracy, pp. 59–76. Averbury, Aldershot, UK (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Nahapiet, J., Ghoshal, S.: Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review 23, 242–266 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Nakakoji, K.: Supporting software development as collective creative knowledge work. In: Nakakoji, K. (ed.) Proceedings of ase workshop on supporting knowledge collaboration in software development, Tokyo, 2006 (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Nakakoji, K., Fischer, G.: Intertwining knowledge delivery and elicitation: A process model for human-computer collaboration in design. Knowledge-Based Systems 8(2-3), 94–104 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Nishinaka, Y., et al.: Please step_in: A socio-technical platform for in situ networking. In: Proceedings of the 12th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference, Taipei, pp. 813–820. IEEE CS Press, Los Alamitos (2005)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  29. O’Reilly, C.A.: Variations in decision makers’ use of information sources: The impact of quality and accessibility of information. Academy of Management Journal 25(4), 756–771 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Orlikowski, W.J.: Knowing in practice: Enacting a collective capability in distributed organizing. Organization Science 13(3), 249–273 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Pentland, A.: Socially aware computation and cmmunication. Computer 38(3), 33–40 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Perlow, L.A.: The time famine: Toward a sociology of work time. Administrative Science Quarterly 44(1), 57–81 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Reder, S.: The communication economy of the workgroup: Multi-channel genres of communication. In: Proceedings of cscw1988, pp. 354–368. ACM Press, New York (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Sengupta, B., Chandra, S., Sinha, V.: A research agenda for distributed software development. In: Proceedings of 2006 international conference on software engineering, Shanghai, pp. 731–740 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Szoestek, A.M., Markopoulos, P.: Factors defining face-to-face interruptions in the office environment. In: Proceedings of conference on human factors in computer systems, pp. 1379–1384 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Tyler, J.R., Tang, J.C.: When can i expect an email response? A study of rhythms in email usage. In: Proceedings of the eighth european conference on computer supported cooperative work (ecscw2003), pp. 239–258. Helsinki (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Wagstrom, P., Herbsleb, J.: Dependency forecasting. CACM 49(10), 55–56 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Walz, D.B., Elam, J.J., Curtis, B.: Inside a software design team: Knowledge acquisition, sharing, and integration. CACM 36(10), 63–77 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Weinberg, G.M.: The psychology of computer programming. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Ye, Y., Fischer, G.: Information delivery in support of learning reusable software components on demand. In: IUI 2002. Proceedings of 2002 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, pp. 159–166. ACM Press, San Francisco (2002)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  41. Ye, Y., Fischer, G.: Supporting reuse by delivering task-relevant and personalized information. In: Proceedings of 2002 international conference on software engineering (icse 2002), pp. 513–523. Orlando, FL (2002)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Bertrand Meyer Mathai Joseph

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Ye, Y., Nakakoji, K., Yamamoto, Y. (2007). Reducing the Cost of Communication and Coordination in Distributed Software Development. In: Meyer, B., Joseph, M. (eds) Software Engineering Approaches for Offshore and Outsourced Development. SEAFOOD 2007. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 4716. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75542-5_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75542-5_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-75541-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-75542-5

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics