Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Springer Handbook of Automation pp 1079–1093Cite as

The Smart Building

  • Chapter

  • 20k Accesses

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

Buildings account for a large fraction of global energy use and have a correspondingly significant impact on the environment. Buildings are also ubiquitous in virtually every aspect of our lives from where we work, live, learn, govern, heal, and worship, to where we play. The application of control and automation to buildings can lead to significant energy savings, improved health and safety of occupants, and enhance life quality. The aim of this chapter is to describe what makes buildings smart, provide examples of common control strategies, and highlight emerging trends and open challenges. Today, the most prevalent use of automation in buildings is in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. This chapter reviews common control and automation methods for HVAC, but also describes how automation is being extended to other building processes. The number of controllable and interconnected systems is increasing in modern buildings and this is creating new opportunities for the application of automation to coordinate and manage operation. However, the chapter draws attention to the fact that the buildings industry is very large, fragmented, and cost-oriented, with significant economic and technical barriers that can, in some cases, impede the adoption and wide-scale deployment of new automation technologies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   309.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

BAS:

building automation systems

COP:

coefficient of performance

EWMA:

exponentially-weighted moving average

HVAC:

heating, ventilation, air-conditioning

IT:

information technology

MIMO:

multi-input multi-output

PI:

proportional–integral

PID:

proportional, integral, and derivative

PWM:

pulse-width-modulation

SISO:

single-input single-output

VAV:

variable-air-volume

References

  1. IEA: International Energy Outlook 2007 (United States Department of Energy, Washington 2007), retrieved on 2007-06-06

    Google Scholar 

  2. H.M. Newman: Direct Digital Control of Building Systems: Theory and Practice (Wiley, New York 1994)

    Google Scholar 

  3. ASHRAE: HVAC Systems and Equipment (American Society of Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta 2004)

    Google Scholar 

  4. WHO: Health Aspects of Plumbing (World Health Organization and World Plumbing Council, Geneva 2006)

    Google Scholar 

  5. G. Augenbroe: Trends in building simulation, Build. Environ. 37(8-9), 891–902 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Y. Zhang, J.A. Wright, V.I. Hanby: Energy aspects of HVAC system configurations – problem definition and test cases, HVAC&R Research 12(3C), 871–888 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. J. Sinopoli: Smart Buildings (Spicewood Publishing, Elk Grove Village 2006)

    Google Scholar 

  8. I. Shaw: The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford 2003)

    Google Scholar 

  9. J.W. Humphrey, J.P. Oleson, A.N. Sherwood: Greek and Roman Technology: A Sourcebook (Routledge, London 1997)

    Google Scholar 

  10. W.H. Carrier: Modern Air-Conditioning, Heating and Ventilating, 2nd edn. (Pitman Publishing, New York 1950)

    Google Scholar 

  11. O. Mayr: The Origins of Feedback Control (Cambridge MIT Press, Cambridge 1970)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. L.E. Harris: The Two Netherlanders, Humphrey Bradley and Cornelis Drebbel (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 1961)

    Google Scholar 

  13. W.S. Johnson: Electric Tele-Thermoscope, Patent 281884 (1883)

    Google Scholar 

  14. K. Åström, T. Hägglund: PID Controllers: Theory, Design and Tuning, 2nd edn. (Instrument Society of America, Research Triangle Park 1995)

    Google Scholar 

  15. T.I. Salsbury: A new pulse modulation adaptive controller (PMAC) applied to HVAC systems, Control Eng. Pract. 10(12), 1357–1370 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. T. Marlin: Process Control, 2nd edn. (McGraw–Hill Education, New York 2000)

    Google Scholar 

  17. A.L. Dexter, R.G. Hayes: Self-tuning charge control scheme for domestic stored-energy heating systems, IEE Proc. D: Control Theory Appl. 128(6), 292–300 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  18. X.-C. Xi, A.-N. Poo, S.-K. Chou: Support vector regression model predictive control on a HVAC plant, Control Eng. Pract. 15(8), 897–908 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. S.J. Hepworth, A.L. Dexter: Adaptive neural control with stable learning, Math. Comput. Simul. 41(1-2), 39–51 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. J.E. Seem: A new pattern recognition adaptive controller with application to HVAC systems, Automatica 34(8), 969–982 (1998)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  21. X.-D. He, S. Liu, H.H. Asada: Modeling of vapor compression cycles for multivariable feedback control of HVAC systems, J. Dyn. Syst. Measur. Control Trans. ASME 119 (2) 119(2), 183–191 (1997)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  22. A.L. Dexter: Self-tuning optimum start control of heating plant, Automatica 17(3), 483–492 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. J.M. House, T.F. Smith: System approach to optimal control for HVAC and building systems, ASHRAE Transactions 101(2), 647–660 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  24. F.B. Morris, J.E. Braun, S.J. Treado: Experimental and simulated performance of optimal control of building thermal storage, ASHRAE Transactions 100(1), 402–414 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  25. T.I. Salsbury: A temperature controller for VAV air-handling units based on simplified physical models, HVAC&R Research 4(3), 265–279 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. J.D. Spitler, D.C. Hittle, D.L. Johnson, C.O. Pedersen: A comparative study of the performance of temperature-based and enthalpy-based economy cycles, ASHRAE Transactions 93(2), 13–22 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  27. T.A. Reddy, J.K. Lukes, L.K. Norford, L.G. Spielvogel, L. Norford: Benefits of multi-building electric load aggregation: actual and simulation case studies, ASHRAE Transactions 110(2), 130–144 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  28. B. Von Neida, D. Maniccia, A. Tweed: An analysis of the energy and cost savings potential of occupancy sensors for commercial lighting systems, J. Illum. Eng. Soc. 30(2), 111–125 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  29. A. Guillemin, N. Morel: Innovative lighting controller integrated in a self-adaptive building control system, Energy Build. 33(5), 477–487 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. ASHRAE: HVAC Applications (American Society of Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta 2007)

    Google Scholar 

  31. J. Hyvarinen, S. Karki: Final Report Vol 1: Building Optimization and Fault Diagnosis Source Book (Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo 1996)

    Google Scholar 

  32. S. Katipamula, M.R. Brambley: methods for fault detection, diagnostics, and prognostics for building systems - a review, Part II, HVAC&R Research 11(2), 169–187 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. S. Katipamula, M.R. Brambley: Methods for fault detection, diagnostics, and prognostics for building systems - a review, Part I, HVAC&R Research 11(1), 3–25 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. T.J. Harris: Assessment of control loop performance, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 67, 856–861 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. O. Sezgen, J.G. Koomey: Interactions between lighting and space conditioning energy use in US commercial buildings, Energy 25(8), 793–805 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. K.L. Gillespie Jr., P. Haves, R.J. Hitchcock, J. Deringer, K.L. Kinney: Performance monitoring in commercial and institutional buildings, HPAC Engineering 78(12), 39–45 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  37. J. Schein, J.M. House: Application of control charts for detecting faults in variable-air-volume boxes, ASHRAE Transactions 109(2), 671–682 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  38. D.S. Watson, M.A. Piette, O. Sezgen, N. Motegi: Automated demand response, HPAC Engineering 76, 20–29 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  39. P. Davidsson, M. Boman: Distributed monitoring and control of office buildings by embedded agents, Inf. Sci. 171, 293–307 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  40. N.R. Jennings, S. Bussmann: Agent-based control systems, IEEE Control Syst. Mag. 23(3), 61–73 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. J.E. Seem, J.M. House, R.H. Monroe: On-line monitoring and fault detection, ASHRAE Journal 41(7), 21–26 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  42. J.E. Seem, J.M. House: Integrated control and fault detection of air-handling units, Proc. IFAC Conf. Energy Sav. Control Plants Build. (Bulgaria 2006)

    Google Scholar 

  43. T. Froese, M. Fischer, F. Grobler, J. Ritzenthaler, K. Yu, S. Sutherland, S. Staub, J. Kunz: Industry foundation classes for project management - a trial implementation, Electron. J. Inf. Technol. Constr. 4, 17–36 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  44. S.T. Bushby: BACnet: a standard communication infrastructure for intelligent buildings, Autom. Constr. 6(5-6), 529–540 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. E. Mills, N. Bourassa, M.A. Piette, H. Friedman, T. Haasl, T. Powell, D. Claridge: The cost-effectiveness of commissioning, HPAC Engineering 77(10), 20–25 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  46. N.F. Thornhill, M. Oettinger, P. Fedenczuk: Refinery-wide control loop performance assessment, J. Process Control 9, 109–124 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Building Efficiency Research Group, Johnson Controls, Inc., 507 E Michigan Street, 53202, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    Timothy I. Salsbury Dr

Authors
  1. Timothy I. Salsbury Dr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Timothy I. Salsbury Dr .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. PRISM Center, and School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, 315 N. Grant Street, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA

    Shimon Y. Nof

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Salsbury, T.I. (2009). The Smart Building. In: Nof, S. (eds) Springer Handbook of Automation. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78831-7_62

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78831-7_62

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-78830-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-78831-7

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation