Abstract
This chapter is a review of the work in nanoelectronic detection of biological molecules and its applications in biology and medicine. About half of the chapter focuses on the methods employed to immobilize deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) on solid substrates with particular focus on the electronic detection and characterization of DNA. Charge-transfer properties and theories are explained, as such electronic and electrical sensing of molecular-level interactions are very important in medical applications for rapid and cheap diagnosis.
A special tool called nanopore, which has been used extensively to characterize DNA, is then reviewed. A special distinction is made between the characteristics, capabilities, and impacts of the biological and the solid-state nanopores. Nanopores, when used in the ion current measurement setup, are used to measure the behavior of DNA as it traverses the nanopore. When the DNA traverses the pore, the blockage of the ion current is observed as a pulse. The statistical analysis of the pulses yields trends that are used to sort the DNA based on various properties. The nanopores are strong prototypes for biosensors, and have become a major experimental tool for investigating biophysical properties of double and single strands of DNA. The DNA sequence can potentially be determined by measuring how the forces on the DNA molecules, and the ion currents through the nanopore, change as the molecules pass through the nanopore.
Keywords
- High Occupied Molecular Orbital
- Lower Unoccupied Molecular Orbital
- Defense Advance Research Project Agency
- SiO2 Surface
- Defense Advance Research Project Agency
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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- AFM:
-
atomic force microscopy
- ALD:
-
atomic-layer deposition
- APTMS:
-
3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane
- AT:
-
adenine–thymine
- CD:
-
compact disc
- DARPA:
-
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
- DEP:
-
dielectrophoretic
- DNA:
-
deoxyribonucleic acid
- EBL:
-
electron-beam lithography
- FESEM:
-
field-emission scanning electron microscope
- HOMO:
-
highest occupied molecular orbital
- LEEPS:
-
low-energy electron point source
- LUMO:
-
lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
- NNI:
-
national nanotechnology initiative
- NPC:
-
nanopore channel
- PCR:
-
polymerase chain reaction
- PDITC:
-
1,4-phenylene diisothiocyanate
- RNA:
-
ribonucleic acid
- SAM:
-
self-assembled monolayer
- SAM:
-
software asset management
- SOI:
-
silicon-on-insulator
- STM:
-
scanning tunneling microscope
- TEM:
-
transmission electron microscope
- UV:
-
ultraviolet
- bp:
-
base pair
- ssDNA:
-
single-strand DNA
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Iqbal, S.M., Bashir, R. (2009). Nanoelectronic-Based Detection for Biology and Medicine. In: Nof, S. (eds) Springer Handbook of Automation. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78831-7_81
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