Abstract
The Legal Knowledge Interchange Format (LKIF), being developed in the European ESTRELLA project, defines a knowledge representation language for arguments, rules, ontologies, and cases in XML. In this article, the syntax and argumentation-theoretic semantics of the LKIF rule language is presented and illustrated with an example based on German family law. This example is then applied to show how LKIF rules can be used with the Carneades argumentation system to construct, evaluate and visualize arguments about a legal case.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aleven, V.: Teaching Case-Based Argumentation Through a Model and Examples. Ph.d., University of Pittsburgh (1997)
Alexy, R.: A Theory of Legal Argumentation. Oxford University Press, New York (1989)
Ashley, K.D.: Modeling Legal Argument: Reasoning with Cases and Hypotheticals. Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning Series. MIT Press, Bradford Books (1990)
Baader, F., Calvanese, D., McGuinness, D., Nardi, D., Patel-Schneider, P. (eds.): The Description Logic Handbook – Theory, Implementation and Applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2003)
Bayles, M.D.: Procedural Justice; Allocating to Individuals. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1990)
Bechhofer, S.: The DIG Description Logic interface: DIG 1.1. Technical report, D1 Implementation Group, University of Manchester (2003)
Beckett, D.: Rdf/xml syntax specification (revised) (February 2004), http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-syntax-grammar-20040210/
Berners-Lee, T.: Notation 3 (1998), http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Notation3
Berners-Lee, T., Hendler, J., Lassila, O.: The semantic web. Scientific American 284(5), 34–43 (2001)
Clark, J.: Relax ng (September 2003), http://relaxng.org
Deborah, S.U.D.L.M., McGuinness, L. (Knowledge Systems Laboratory and van Harmelen, F.: OWL web ontology language overview, http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/
Ellson, J., Gansner, E., Koutsofios, L., North, S.C., Woodhull, G.: Graphviz — open source graph drawing tools. In: Mutzel, P., Jünger, M., Leipert, S. (eds.) GD 2001. LNCS, vol. 2265, pp. 483–484. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Fallside, D.C., Walmsley, P.: Xml schema part o: Primer, 2nd edn (2004), http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-0/
S.C.: for Biomedical Informatics Research. The protege ontology editor and knowledge acquisition system (October 2007), http://protege.stanford.edu/
Gardner, A.: An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Legal Reasoning. MIT Press, Cambridge (1987)
Gordon, T.F.: An abductive theory of legal issues. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 35, 95–118 (1991)
Gordon, T.F.: The Pleadings Game; An Artificial Intelligence Model of Procedural Justice. Springer, New York, Book version of 1993 Ph.D. Thesis; University of Darmstadt (1995)
Gordon, T.F.: Constructing arguments with a computational model of an argumentation scheme for legal rules. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, pp. 117–121 (2007)
Gordon, T.F., Prakken, H., Walton, D.: The Carneades model of argument and burden of proof. Artificial Intelligence 171(10-11), 875–896 (2007)
Grosof, B.N., Horrocks, I., Volz, R., Decker, S.: Description logic programs: Combining logic programs with description logics. In: Proceedings of the Twelth International World Wide Web Conference (WWW 2003), Budapest, Hungary, May 2003, pp. 48–57. ACM, New York (2003)
Hage, J.C.: Monological reason-based logic. a low level integration of rule-based reasoning and case-based reasoning. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, pp. 30–39. ACM, New York (1993)
Hart, H.L.A.: The Concept of Law. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1961)
Hewlett-Packard. Jena – a semantic web framework (October 2007), http://jena.sourceforge.net/
Horrocks, I., Patel-Schneider, P., Boley, H., Tabet, S., Grosof, B.N., Dean, M.: SWRL: A semantic web rule language combining OWL and RuleML, http://www.w3.org/Submission/SWRL/
Loui, R.P.: Process and policy: resource-bounded non-demonstrative reasoning. Computational Intelligence 14, 1–38 (1998)
McGuinness, D.L., van Harmelen, F.: OWL Web Ontology Language overview, http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/
Pollock, J.: Defeasible reasoning. Cognitive Science 11(4), 481–518 (1987)
Prakken, H., Sartor, G.: A dialectical model of assessing conflicting argument in legal reasoning. Artificial Intelligence and Law 4(3-4), 331–368 (1996)
Prakken, H., Sartor, G.: Modelling reasoning with precedents in a formal dialogue game. Artificial Intelligence and Law 6(2-4), 231–287 (1998)
T. P. S. Project. PLT Scheme, http://www.plt-scheme.org/ .
Rawls, J.: A Theory of Justice. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press (1971)
Rissland, E.L., Ashley, K.D., Loui, R.P.: AI and law: A fruitful synergy. Artificial Intelligence 150(1–2), 1–15 (2003)
Routen, T., Bench-Capon, T.: Hierarchical formalizations. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 35, 69–93 (1991)
Sartor, G.: Reasoning with factors. Technical report, University of Bologna (2005)
TopQuadrant. Topbraid composer (October 2007), http://www.topbraidcomposer.org/
Verheij, B.: Dialectical argumentation with argumentation schemes: An approach to legal logic. Artificial Intelligence and Law 11(2-3), 167–195 (2003)
Walton, D.: Fundamentals of Critical Argumentation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2006)
Wyner, A., Bench-Capon, T.: Argument schemes for legal case-based reasoning. In: JURIX 2007: The Twentieth Annual Conference on Legal Knowledge and Information Systems (2007)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Gordon, T.F. (2008). Constructing Legal Arguments with Rules in the Legal Knowledge Interchange Format (LKIF). In: Casanovas, P., Sartor, G., Casellas, N., Rubino, R. (eds) Computable Models of the Law. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 4884. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85569-9_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85569-9_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-85568-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-85569-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)