Skip to main content

Synthesis and Composition of Web Services

  • Chapter
Book cover Formal Methods for Web Services (SFM 2009)

Abstract

One of the key ideas underlying Web services is that of allowing the combination of existing services published on the Web into a new service that achieves some higher-level functionality and satisfies some business goals. As the manual development of the new composite service is recognized as a difficult and error-prone task, the automated synthesis of the composition is considered one of the key challenges in the field of Web services.

In this paper, we will present a survey of existing approaches for the synthesis of Web service compositions. We will then focus on a specific approach, the ASTRO approach, which has been shown to support complex composition requirements and to be applicable in real domains. In the paper, we will present the formal framework behind the ASTRO approach; we will present the implementation of the framework and its integration within a commercial toolkit for developing Web services; we will finally evaluate the approach on a real-world composition domain.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 69.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. ActiveBPEL. The Open Source BPEL Engine, http://www.activebpel.org

  2. Akkiraju, R., Srivastava, B., Ivan, A., Goodwin, R., Syeda-Mahmood, T.: Semaplan: Combining planning with semantic matching to achieve web service composition. In: Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Web Services, ICWS 2006 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Amazon Services. AWSECommerceService WSDL Specification (2006), http://aws.amazon.com/

  4. Amazon Services. Amazon E-Commerce Service - Developer Guide (2007), http://developer.amazonwebservices.com/

  5. Ambite, J.L., Kapoor, D.: Argos: a framework for automatically generating data processing workflows. In: Proc. of the 8th annual international conference on Digital government research, dg.o 2007 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Andrews, T., Curbera, F., Dolakia, H., Goland, J., Klein, J., Leymann, F., Liu, K., Roller, D., Smith, D., Thatte, S., Trickovic, I., Weeravarana, S.: Business Process Execution Language for Web Services, version 1.1 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ankolekar, A., Burstein, M., Hobbs, J., Lassila, O., Martin, D., Mcllraith, S., Narayanan, S.: DAML-S: semantic markup for web services. In: Horrocks, I., Hendler, J. (eds.) ISWC 2002. LNCS, vol. 2342, p. 348. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  8. Ardagna, D., Pernici, B.: Dynamic web service composition with QoS constraints. International Journal of Business Process Integration and Management 1(4), 233–243 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. ASTRO. Project ASTRO: Supporting the Composition of Distributed Business Processes, http://astroproject.org

  10. Baresi, L., Maurino, A., Modalfieri, S.: Workflow partitioning in mobile information systems. In: Proc. of IFIP TC8 Working Conference on Mobile Systems (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Benatallah, B., Dumas, M., Fauvet, M., Rabhi, F.: Towards patterns of web services composition (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Benatallah, B., Dumas, M., Sheng, Q., Ngu, A.: Declarative composition and peer-to-peer provisioning of dynamic web services. In: Proc. of the International Conference on Data Engineering, ICDE 2002 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Berardi, D.: Automatic Service Composition: Models, Techniques and Tools. Ph.D Thesis (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Berardi, D., Calvanese, D., De Giacomo, G., Hull, R., Mecella, M.: Automatic Composition of Transition-based Semantic Web Services with Messaging. In: Proc. of the 31st VLDB Conference, VLDB 2005 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Berardi, D., Calvanese, D., De Giacomo, G., Lenzerini, M., Mecella, M.: Automatic composition of E-Services that export their behaviour. In: Orlowska, M.E., Weerawarana, S., Papazoglou, M.P., Yang, J. (eds.) ICSOC 2003. LNCS, vol. 2910, pp. 43–58. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  16. Berardi, D., Calvanese, D., De Giacomo, G., Mecella, M.: Composition of Services with Nondeterministic Observable Behaviour. In: Benatallah, B., Casati, F., Traverso, P. (eds.) ICSOC 2005. LNCS, vol. 3826, pp. 520–526. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  17. Berge, C.: Graphs and Hypergraphs. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1973)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  18. Berge, C.: Hypergraphs: Combinatorics of Finite Sets. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1989)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  19. Berglund, A., Boag, S., Chamberlin, D., Ferndez, M.F., Kay, M., Robie, J., Siméon, J.: XML Path Language, XPath 2.0 (2007), http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath20/

  20. Bertoli, P., Cimatti, A., Pistore, M., Roveri, M., Traverso, P.: MBP: a Model Based Planner. In: Proc. of IJCAI 2001 workshop on Planning under Uncertainty and Incomplete Information (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Bertoli, P., Cimatti, A., Pistore, M., Traverso, P.: A Framework for Planning with Extended Goals under Partial Observability. In: Proc. ICAPS 2003 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Bertoli, P., Cimatti, A., Roveri, M., Traverso, P.: Planning in Nondeterministic Domains under Partial Observability via Symbolic Model Checking. In: Proc. IJCAI 2001 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Boley, H.: Directed recursive labelnode hypergraphs: a new representation language. Artificial Intelligence 9, 49–85 (1977)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  24. Brogi, A., Popescu, R.: Towards Semi-automated Workflow-Based Aggregation of Web Services. In: Benatallah, B., Casati, F., Traverso, P. (eds.) ICSOC 2005. LNCS, vol. 3826, pp. 214–227. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  25. Bryant, R.E.: Graph-based algorithms for Boolean function manipulation. IEEE Transactions on Computers 8(C-35), 677–691 (1986)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  26. Bultan, T., Fu, X., Hull, R., Su, J.: Conversation specification: a new approach to design and analysis of e-service composition. In: In Proc. of the 12th international conference on World Wide Web (WWW 2003), pp. 403–410 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Burch, J.R., Clarke, E.M., McMillan, K.L., Dill, D.L., Hwang, L.J.: Symbolic model checking: 1020 states and beyond. In: Proc. of Symp. Logic in Computer Science, pp. 428–439 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Christensen, E., Curbera, F., Meredith, G., Weerawarana, S.: Web Service Description Language (WSDL), version 1.1 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Cimatti, A., Giunchiglia, F., Giunchiglia, E., Traverso, P.: Planning via model checking: A decision procedure for ar. In: Steel, S. (ed.) ECP 1997. LNCS, vol. 1348, pp. 130–142. Springer, Heidelberg (1997)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  30. Cimatti, A., Giunchiglia, F., Giunchiglia, E., Traverso, P.: Planning as model checking. In: Proc. of ECP, pp. 1–20 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Cimatti, A., Pistore, M., Roveri, M., Traverso, P.: Weak, Strong, and Strong Cyclic Planning via Symbolic Model Checking. Artificial Intelligence 147(1-2), 35–84 (2003)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  32. Dal Lago, U., Pistore, M., Traverso, P.: Planning with a Language for Extended Goals. In: Proc. AAAI 2002 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  33. ActiveBPEL Designer. The Active Endpoints BPEL Designer, http://www.active-endpoints.com

  34. Dustdar, S., Schreiner, W.: A survey on web services composition.. Int. J. Web and Grid Services 1, 1–30 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Emerson, E.A.: Temporal and modal logic. In: van Leeuwen, J. (ed.) Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science. Formal Models and Semantics, vol. B. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Erol, K., Hendler, J., Nau, D.: Semantics for HTN planning (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Erol, K., Hendler, J., Nau, D.: UMCP: A sound and complete procedure for hierarchical task-network planning. In: Proc. Artificial Intelligence Planning Systems Symposium, pp. 249–254 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  38. W3C Semantic Annotations for Web Service Description Language Working Group. Semantic Annotations for WSDL and XML Schema, SAWSDL (2007), http://www.w3.org/TR/sawsdl/

  39. Fujii, K., Suda, T.: Dynamic service composition using semantic information. In: Proc. of International Conference on Service Oriented Computing, ICSOC 2004 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  40. De Giacomo, G., Lesperance, Y., Levesque, H.J.: Congolog, a concurrent programming language based on the situation calculus. Artificial Intelligence 121(1-2), 109–169 (2000)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  41. Gnesi, S., Montanari, U., Martelli, A.: Dynamic programming as graph searching: an algebraic approach. J. Assoc. Comp. Mach. 28, 737–751 (1981)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  42. Hull, R., Benedikt, M., Christophides, V., Su, J.: E-Services: A Look Behind the Curtain. In: Proc. PODS 2003 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Kazhamiakin, R.: Formal Analysis of Web Service Compositions. Ph.D Thesis (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Khalaf, R., Mukhi, N., Weerawarana, S.: Service Oriented Composition in BPEL4WS. In: Proc. WWW 2003 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Koehler, J., Srivastava, B.: Web Service Composition: Current Solutions and Open Problems. In: Proc. of ICAPS 2003 Workshop on Planning for Web Services (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Kuster, U., Stern, M., Konig-Ries, B.: A classification of issures and approaches in service composition. In: Workshop Proc. First International Workshop on Engineering Service Compositions, WESC 2005 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Lecue, F., Delteil, A., Leger, A.: Applying abduction in semantic web service composition. In: Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Web Services, ICWS 2007 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Levesque, H.J., Reiter, R., Lesperance, Y., Lin, F., Scherl, R.B.: GOLOG: A logic programming language for dynamic domains. Journal of Logic Programming 31, 59–83 (1997)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  49. Levi, G., Sirovich, F.: Generalized And/Or graphs. Artificial Intelligence 7, 243–259 (1976)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  50. Marconi, A., Pistore, M., Traverso, P.: Specifying Data-Flow Requirements for the Automated Composition of Web Services. In: Proc. of Fourth IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering and Formal Methods, SEFM 2006 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Marconi, A., Pistore, M., Traverso, P.: Automated Web Service Composition at Work: the Amazon/MPS Case Study. In: Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Web Services, ICWS 2007 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Marconi, A., Pistore, M., Traverso, P.: Automated Web Service Composition in Practice: from Composition Requirements Specification to Process Run. In: Proc. of 2nd European Young Researchers Workshop on Service Oriented Computing, YRSOC 2007 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  53. Marconi, A.: Automated Process-level Composition of Web Services: from Requirements Specification to Process Run. Ph.D thesis, Univerity of Trento (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Martelli, A., Montanari, U.: Additive AND/OR graphs. In: Proc. IJCAI, vol. 3 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  55. McCarthy, J.: Situations, actions and causal laws (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  56. McIlraith, S., Fadel, R.: Planning with Complex Actions. In: Proc. NMR 2002 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  57. McIlraith, S., Son, S.: Adapting Golog for Composition of Semantic Web Services. In: Proc. of the Eighth International Conference on Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, KR 2002 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  58. Milanovic, N., Malek, M.: Current solutions for web service composition. IEEE Internet Computing 8(6), 51–59 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Nagarajan, M., Verma, K., Sheth, A.P., Miller, J.A., Lathem, J.: Semantic interoperability of web services - challenges and experiences. In: Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Web Services, ICWS 2006 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  60. Nanda, M.G., Chandra, S., Sarkar, V.: Decentralizing execution of composite web services. In: Proc. of 19th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications, OOPSLA (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  61. Narayanan, S., McIlraith, S.: Simulation, Verification and Automated Composition of Web Services. In: Proc. of the Eleventh International Conference on World Wide Web, WWW 2002 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  62. Nau, D., Au, T., Ilghami, O., Kuter, U., Murdock, W., Wu, D., Yaman, F.: SHOP2: An HTN planning system. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 20, 379–404 (2003)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  63. Nau, D., Cao, Y., Lotem, A., Muroz-Avila, H.: Shop: Simple hierarchical ordered planner. In: Proc. of the Sixteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI 1999 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  64. Oracle. Oracle BPEL Process Manager, http://www.oracle.com/appserver/bpel_home.html

  65. OWL-S. OWL-S: Semantic Markup for Web Services (OWL-S version 1.0) (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  66. Peer, J.: Web service composition as AI planning - a survey (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  67. Pistore, M., Marconi, A., Traverso, P., Bertoli, P.: Automated Composition of Web Services by Planning at the Knowledge Level. In: Proc. IJCAI 2005 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  68. Pistore, M., Traverso, P., Bertoli, P.: Automated Composition of Web Services by Planning in Asynchronous Domains. In: Proc. ICAPS 2005 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  69. Pistore, M., Traverso, P., Bertoli, P., Marconi, A.: Automated Synthesis of Composite BPEL4WS Web Services. In: Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Web Services, ICWS 2005 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  70. Ponnekanti, S., Fox, A.: SWORD: A Developer Toolkit for Web Service Composition. In: Proc. WWW 2002 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  71. Rao, J., Su, X.: A survey of automated web service composition methods. In: Cardoso, J., Sheth, A.P. (eds.) SWSWPC 2004. LNCS, vol. 3387, pp. 43–54. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  72. Sacerdoti, E.D.: Planning in a hierarchy of abstraction spaces. In: Proc. of the Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI 1973 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  73. Sadiq, W., Sadiq, S., Schulz, K.: Model-driven distribution of collaborative business processes. In: Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Services Computing, SCC (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  74. Sirin, E., Hendler, J., Parsia, B.: Semi automatic composition of web services using semantic descriptions. In: Proc. ICEIS 2003 Workshop on Web Services: Modeling, Architecture and Infrastructure (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  75. Skogan, D., Gronmo, R., Solheim, I.: Web Service Composition in UML. In: Proc. EDOC 2004 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  76. Srivastava, B., Koehler, J.: Planning with Workflows - An Emerging Paradigm for Web Service Composition. In: Proc. of ICAPS 2004 Workshop on Planning and Scheduling for Web and Grid Services (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  77. Thakkar, S., Ambite, J.L., Knoblock, C.A.: A view integration approach to dynamic composition of web services. In: Proc. of the 1st ICAPS International Workshop on Planning for Web Services, P4WS 2003 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  78. Thakkar, S., Ambite, J.L., Knoblock, C.A.: A data integration approach to automatically composing and optimizing web services. In: Proc. of the 2nd ICAPS International Workshop on Planning and Scheduling for Web and Grid Services (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  79. Thakkar, S., Ambite, J.L., Knoblock, C.A., Shahabi, C.: Dynamically composing web services from on-line sources. In: Proc. of 2002 AAAI Workshop on Intelligent Service Integration (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  80. Trainotti, M., Pistore, M., Calabrese, G., Zacco, G., Lucchese, G., Barbon, F., Bertoli, P., Traverso, P.: ASTRO: supporting the Composition and Execution of Web Services. In: Benatallah, B., Casati, F., Traverso, P. (eds.) ICSOC 2005. LNCS, vol. 3826, pp. 495–501. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  81. van der Aalst, W.M.P., ter Hofstede, A.H.M.: YAWL: Yet Another Workflow Language (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  82. Wohed, P., van der Aalst, W.M.P., Dumas, M., ter Hofstede, A.H.M.: Analysis of Web Services Composition Languages: The Case of BPEL4WS. In: Proc. of the 22nd International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  83. Wu, D., Parsia, B., Sirin, E., Hendler, J., Nau, D.: Automating DAML-S Web Services Composition using SHOP2. In: Fensel, D., Sycara, K.P., Mylopoulos, J. (eds.) ISWC 2003. LNCS, vol. 2870, pp. 195–210. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  84. Yildiz, U., Godart, C.: Centralized versus decentralized conversation-based orchestrations. In: Proc. of 4th IEEE International Conference on Enterprise Computing, E-Commerce and E-Services, CEC-EEE 2007 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  85. Yildiz, U., Godart, C.: Information flow control with decentralized service composition. In: Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Web Services, ICWS 2007 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  86. Zeng, L.: Dynamic web services composition. Ph.D Thesis (2003)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Marconi, A., Pistore, M. (2009). Synthesis and Composition of Web Services. In: Bernardo, M., Padovani, L., Zavattaro, G. (eds) Formal Methods for Web Services. SFM 2009. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 5569. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01918-0_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01918-0_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-01917-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-01918-0

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics