Skip to main content

Design Choices for High-Confidence Distributed Real-Time Software

  • Conference paper

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNTCS,volume 6416))

Abstract

Safety-critical distributed real-time systems, such as networked medical devices, must operate according to their specification, because incorrect behaviour can have fatal consequences. A system’s design and architecture influences how difficult it is to provide confidence that the system follows the specification. In this work, we summarize and discuss three design choices and the underlying concepts that aim at increasing predictability and analyzability. We investigate mandatory resource reservation to guarantee resource availability, separation of resource consumptions to better manage resource inter-dependency, and enumerative reconfiguration. We use the example of a distributed monitoring system for the human cardiovascular system to substantiate our arguments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Buttazzo, G.: Hard Real-Time Computing Systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Leung, J. (ed.): Handbook on Scheduling. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Liu, J.: Real-Time Systems. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Coulouris, G., Dollimore, J., Kingberg, T.: Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design. Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Kopetz, H.: Real-time Systems: Design Principles for Distributed Embedded Applications. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1997)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  6. Metcalfe, R.M., Boggs, D.R.: Ethernet: distributed packet switching for local computer networks. Commun. ACM 19(7), 395–404 (1976)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Ramakrishnan, K., Yang, H.: The Ethernet Capture Effect: Analysis and Solution. In: Proc. 19th Local Computer Networks Conference (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Court, R.: Real-time Ethernet. Comput. Commun. 15(3), 198–201 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Fischmeister, S., Sokolsky, O., Lee, I.: A Verifiable Language for Programming Communication Schedules. IEEE Transactions on Computers 56(11), 1505–1519 (2007)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  10. Pedreiras, P., Almeida, L., Gai, P.: The FTT-Ethernet protocol: merging flexibility, timeliness and efficiency. In: Proceedings of the 14th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS), pp. 134–142. IEEE Press, Los Alamitos (June 2002)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Venkatramani, C., Chiueh, T.: Supporting real-time traffic on Ethernet. In: Proceedings of Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS), pp. 282–286. IEEE Press, Los Alamitos (December 1994)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Carvajal, G., Fischmeister, S.: A TDMA Ethernet Switch for Dynamic Real-Time Communication. In: Proc. of the 18th IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM), Charlotte, United States (May 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Jasperneite, J., Neumann, P., Theis, M., Watson, K.: Deterministic Real-Time Communication with Switched Ethernet. In: Proceedings of 4th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems, WFCS (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Steinhammer, K., Grillinger, P., Ademaj, A., Kopetz, H.: A Time-Triggered Ethernet (TTE) Switch. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE), 3001 Leuven, Belgium, Belgium, European Design and Automation Association, pp. 794–799 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Aeronautical Radio, I.A.: ARINC 653 (Avionics Application Standard Software Interface). ARINC Standard (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Anand, M., Fischmeister, S., Lee, I.: Composition Techniques for Tree Communication Schedules. In: Proceedings of the 19th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS), Pisa, Italy, pp. 235–246 (July 2007)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Halbwachs, N.: Synchronous Programming of Reactive Systems. Kluwer, Dordrecht (1997)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  18. Dubey, A., Karsai, G., Abdelwahed, S.: Compensating for Timing Jitter in Computing Systems with General-Purpose Operating Systems. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Object/Component/Service-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC), Tokyo, Japan (March 2009)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lickly, B., Liu, I., Kim, S., Patel, H., Edwards, S., Lee, E.: Predictable Programming on a Precision Timed Architecture. In: Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Compilers, Architectures and Synthesis for Embedded Systems (CASES), pp. 137–146. ACM, New York (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Dobbing, B., Burns, A.: The Ravenscar Tasking Profile for High Integrity Real-time Programs. In: Proceedings of the 1998 annual ACM SIGAda international conference on Ada (SIGAda), pp. 1–6. ACM, New York (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Systems, P.C.: SPARK 95 - The SPADE Ada 95 Kernel (including RavenSPARK). RavenSPARK S.P0468.73.62 version 4.8 (January 2008)

    Google Scholar 

  22. McCall, G.: Misra-C: 2004. MIRA Limited, Warwickshire, United Kingdom (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  23. de Alfaro, L., Henzinger, T., Stoelinga, M.: Timed Interfaces. In: Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A.L., Sifakis, J. (eds.) EMSOFT 2002. LNCS, vol. 2491, pp. 108–122. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  24. Henzinger, T.A., Kirsch, C.M., Horowitz, B.: Giotto: A Time-triggered Language for Embedded Programming. In: Henzinger, T.A., Kirsch, C.M. (eds.) EMSOFT 2001. LNCS, vol. 2211. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  25. Anand, M., Fischmeister, S., Lee, I.: Resource Scopes: Toward Language Support for Compositional Determinism. In: Proceedings the 12th IEEE International Symposium on Object/component/service-oriented Real-time Distributed Computing (ISORC), Tokyo, Japan, pp. 295–304 (May 2009)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Fischmeister, S., Trausmuth, R., Lee, I.: Hardware Acceleration for Conditional State-Based Communication Scheduling on Real-Time Ethernet. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 5, 3 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Shelton, C., Koopman, P.: Improving System Dependability with Functional Alternatives. In: Proceedings of the 2004 International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN 2004), p. 295. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos (2004)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  28. Buttazzo, G.C., Lipari, G., Caccamo, M., Abeni, L.: Elastic Scheduling for Flexible Workload Management. IEEE Transactions on Computers 51(3), 289–302 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Schrenker, R.: Software engineering for future healthcare and clinical systems. Computer 39(4), 26–32 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Real, J., Crespo, A.: Mode Change Protocols for Real-Time Systems: A Survey and a New Proposal. Real-Time Systems 26(2), 161–197 (2004)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  31. Almeida, L., Anand, M., Fischmeister, S., Lee, I.: A Dynamic Scheduling Approach to Designing Flexible Safety-Critical Systems. In: Proceedings of the 7th Annual ACM Conference on Embedded Software (EMSOFT), Salzburg, Austria, pp. 67–75 (October 2007)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Potop-Butucaru, D., de Simone, R., Sorel, Y., Talpin, J.: Clock-driven Distributed Real-time Implementation of Endochronous Synchronous Programs. In: Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Conference on Embedded Software (EMSOFT), pp. 147–156. ACM, New York (2009)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  33. Abbas, A.E., Fortuin, F.D., Schiller, N.B., Appleton, C.P., Moreno, C.A., Lester, S.J.: A Simple Method for Noninvasive Estimation of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 41(6), 1021–1027 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. UPPAAL—An Integrated Tool Environment for Modeling, Validation, and Verification of Real-Time Systems, http://www.uppaal.com (visited June 2010)

  35. Potop-Butucaru, D., Azim, A., Fischmeister, S.: Semantics-preserving Implementation of Synchronous Specifications over Dynamic TDMA Distributed Architectures. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Embedded Software, EMSOFT (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Hu, Z., Diao, Y.: Primary Model of Heart-systemic-pulmonary System. Journal of Tongji University 30(1), 61–65 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Henriksson, D., Cervin, A., Årzén, K.E.: TrueTime: Real-time Control System Simulation with MATLAB/Simulink. In: Proceedings of the Nordic MATLAB Conference (2003)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Fischmeister, S., Azim, A. (2010). Design Choices for High-Confidence Distributed Real-Time Software. In: Margaria, T., Steffen, B. (eds) Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification, and Validation. ISoLA 2010. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 6416. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16561-0_32

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16561-0_32

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-16560-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-16561-0

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics