Abstract
Entailment is an important problem in computational logic particularly relevant to the Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) community as it is at the core of the hypothesis coverage test which is often the bottleneck of an ILP system. Despite developments in resolution heuristics and, more recently, in subsumption engines, most ILP systems simply use Prolog’s left-to-right, depth-first search selection function for SLD-resolution to perform the hypothesis coverage test.
We implemented two alternative selection functions for SLD-resolution: smallest predicate domain (SPD) and smallest variable domain (SVD); and developed a subsumption engine, Subsumer. These entailment engines were fully integrated into the ILP system ProGolem.
The performance of these four entailment engines is compared on a representative set of ILP datasets. As expected, on determinate datasets Prolog’s built-in resolution, is unrivalled. However, in the presence of even little non-determinism, its performance quickly degrades and a sophisticated entailment engine is required.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Blockeel, H., Dehaspe, L., Demoen, B., Janssens, G., Ramon, J., Vandecasteele, H.: Improving the efficiency of Inductive Logic Programming through the use of query packs. J. Artif. Intell. Res. (JAIR) 16, 135–166 (2002)
Botta, M., Giordana, A., Saitta, L., Sebag, M.: Relational learning as search in a critical region. Journal of Machine Learning Research 4, 431–463 (2003)
Santos Costa, V., Sagonas, K.F., Lopes, R.: Demand-Driven Indexing of Prolog Clauses. In: Dahl, V., Niemelä, I. (eds.) ICLP 2007. LNCS, vol. 4670, pp. 395–409. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Santos Costa, V., Srinivasan, A., Camacho, R., Blockeel, H., Demoen, B., Janssens, G., Struyf, J., Vandecasteele, H., Van Laer, W.: Query transformations for improving the efficiency of ILP systems. Journal of Machine Learning Research 4, 465–491 (2003)
Kapur, D., Narendran, P.: Np-completeness of the set unification and matching problems. In: Siekmann, J.H. (ed.) CADE 1986. LNCS, vol. 230, pp. 489–495. Springer, Heidelberg (1986)
Kowalski, R.A., Kuehner, D.: Linear resolution with selection function. Artif. Intell. 2(3/4), 227–260 (1971)
Kuzelka, O., Zelezný, F.: Fast estimation of first-order clause coverage through randomization and maximum likelihood. In: Cohen, W.W., McCallum, A., Roweis, S.T. (eds.) ICML. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, vol. 307, pp. 504–511. ACM, New York (2008)
Kuzelka, O., Zelezný, F.: A restarted strategy for efficient subsumption testing. Fundam. Inform. 89(1), 95–109 (2008)
Maloberti, J., Sebag, M.: Fast theta-subsumption with constraint satisfaction algorithms. Machine Learning 55(2), 137–174 (2004)
Markovitch, S., Scott, P.D.: Automatic ordering of subgoals - a machine learning approach. In: NACLP, pp. 224–240 (1989)
Muggleton, S., Santos, J., Tamaddoni-Nezhad, A.: ProGolem: A system based on relative minimal generalisation. In: De Raedt, L. (ed.) ILP 2009. LNCS, vol. 5989, pp. 131–148. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Alan Robinson, J.: A machine-oriented logic based on the resolution principle. J. ACM 12(1), 23–41 (1965)
Santos, J., Muggleton, S.: Subsumer: A Prolog theta-subsumption engine. In: Technical communications of the 26th Int. Conference on Logic Programming, Leibniz International Proc. in Informatics, Edinburgh, Scotland (2010)
Sebag, M., Rouveirol, C.: Tractable induction and classification in first order logic via stochastic matching. In: IJCAI, vol. (2), pp. 888–893 (1997)
Smith, D.E., Genesereth, M.R.: Ordering conjunctive queries. Artif. Intell. 26(2), 171–215 (1985)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Santos, J., Muggleton, S. (2011). When Does It Pay Off to Use Sophisticated Entailment Engines in ILP?. In: Frasconi, P., Lisi, F.A. (eds) Inductive Logic Programming. ILP 2010. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 6489. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21295-6_25
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21295-6_25
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-21294-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-21295-6
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)