A Reinforcement Learning Approach with Spline-Fit Object Tracking for AIBO Robot’s High Level Decision Making

Abstract

Robocup is a popular test bed for AI programs around the world. Robosoccer is one of the two major parts of Robocup, in which AIBO entertainment robots take part in the middle sized soccer event. The three key challenges that robots need to face in this event are manoeuvrability, image recognition and decision making skills. This paper focuses on the decision making problem in Robosoccer- The goal keeper problem. We investigate whether reinforcement learning (RL) as a form of semi-supervised learning can effectively contribute to the goal keeper’s decision making process when penalty shot and two attacker problem are considered. Currently, the decision making process in Robosoccer is carried out using rule-base system. RL also is used for quadruped locomotion and navigation purpose in Robosoccer using AIBO. Moreover the ball distance is being calculated using IR sensors available at the nose of the robot. In this paper, we propose a reinforcement learning based approach that uses a dynamic state-action mapping using back propagation of reward and Q-learning along with spline fit (QLSF) for the final choice of high level functions in order to save the goal. The novelty of our approach is that the agent learns while playing and can take independent decision which overcomes the limitations of rule-base system due to fixed and limited predefined decision rules. The spline fit method used with the nose camera was also able to find out the location and the ball distance more accurately compare to the IR sensors. The noise source and near and far sensor dilemma problem with IR sensor was neutralized using the proposed spline fit method. Performance of the proposed method has been verified against the bench mark data set made with Upenn’03 code logic and a base line experiment with IR sensors. It was found that the efficiency of our QLSF approach in goalkeeping was better than the rule based approach in conjunction with the IR sensors. The QLSF develops a semi-supervised learning process over the rule-base system’s input-output mapping process, given in the Upenn’03 code.