Abstract
Steganalysis is a science of detecting possible hidden messages in an apparently innocuous cover medium, which is usually modeled as looking for a characteristic function that can discriminate effectively the stego from the cover. In this paper, we investigated the statistical models available for typical tools of LSB-based image steganalysis, focusing on their relations with the statistics of cover images, of secret messages, of operations acted upon the cover image, in an effort to theoretically form a systematic perspective which helps cast better insights into different steganalytic methods of inherent consistence. We proved the equivalence of some statistical models as results and compared the difference of effectiveness among these consistent statistical models.
This project is sponsored by the Doctorate Initiation program of Hainan University, 3rd “211 Engineering Construction” Project of Hainan University and Special Expense Support from Hainan Provincial Engineering Technological Research Center under the grant No.2060499.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Provos, N., Honeyman, P.: Hide and Seek: An Introduction to Steganography. IEEE Security and Privacy 1(3), 32–44 (2003)
Cachin, C.: An information-theoretic model for steganography. Information and Computation 192(1), 41–56 (2004)
Westfeld, A., Pfitzmann, A.: Attacks on steganographic systems. In: Pfitzmann, A. (ed.) IH 1999. LNCS, vol. 1768, pp. 61–76. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)
Westfeld, A.: Detecting low embedding rates. In: Petitcolas, F.A.P. (ed.) IH 2002. LNCS, vol. 2578, pp. 324–339. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Fridrich, J., Goljan, M., Du, R.: Reliable Detection of LSB Steganography in Grayscale and Color Images. In: Proc. ACM Workshop Multimedia Security, Ottawa, ON, Canada, pp. 25–30 (October 2001)
Dumitrescu, S., Wu, X., Wang, Z.: Detection of LSB steganography via sample pair analysis. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 51(7), 1995–2007 (2003)
Zhang, X., Wang, S., Zhang, K.: Steganography with Least Histogram Abnormality. In: Gorodetsky, V., Popyack, L.J., Skormin, V.A. (eds.) MMM-ACNS 2003. LNCS, vol. 2776, pp. 395–406. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Draper, S., Ishwar, P., Molnar, D., Prabhakaran, V., Ramchandran, K., Schonberg, D., Wagner, D.: An Analysis of Empirical PMF Based Tests for Least Significant Bit Image Steganography. In: Barni, M., Herrera-Joancomartí, J., Katzenbeisser, S., Pérez-González, F. (eds.) IH 2005. LNCS, vol. 3727, pp. 327–341. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Zhang, T., Ping, X.: Reliable detection of LSB steganography based on the difference image histogram. In: Proc. Of IEEE conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP 2003), vol. 3, pp. 545–548 (2003)
Li, Z., Lu, K., Zeng, X., Pan, X.: A Blind Stegananlytic Scheme Based on DCT and Spatial Domain for JPEG Images. Journal of Multimedia 5(3), 200–207 (2010)
Chen, X., Wang, Y., Tan, T., Guo, L.: Blind Image Steganalysis Based on Statistical Analysis of Empirical Matrix. In: Proc. Of 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR 2006), vol. 3, pp. 1107–1110 (August 2006)
Abolghasemi, M., Aghainia, H., Faez, K., Mehrabi, M.A.: Steganalysis of LSB Matching Based on Co-occurrence Matrix and Removing Most Significant Bit Planes. In: Proc. Of International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia signal Processing (IIHMSP 2008), pp. 1527–1530 (August 2008)
Xuan, G., Shi, Y., Huang, C., Fu, D., et al.: Steganalysis Using High-Dimensional Features Derived from Co-Occurrence Matrix and Class-wise Non- Principal Components Analysis (CNPCA), http://www.grxuan.org/english/IWDW2006163.pdf
Franz, E.: Steganography Preserving Statistical Properties. In: Petitcolas, F.A.P. (ed.) IH 2002. LNCS, vol. 2578, pp. 278–294. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Provos, N.: Defending against statistical steganalysis, CITI Techreport 01-4, Center for Information Technology Integration, University of Michigan (2001)
Eggers, J.J., BÄauml, R., Girod, B.: A communications approach to image steganography. In: Proc. Of SPIE, Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents IV, San Jose, USA, vol. 4675, pp. 1–12 (January 2002), http://www.lit.lnt.de/papers/EI2002-stego.pdf
Tang, G., Liu, J.: A Secure Steganography Preserving High Order Statistics. Journal of Multimedia 5(2), 189–196 (2010)
Harmsen, J., Pearlman, W.A.: Steganalysis of additive noise modelable information hiding. In: Proceedings of the SPIE Security Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents VI, vol. 5020, pp. 131–142 (2003)
Zhang, J., Hu, Y., Yuan, Z.: Detection of LSB Matching Steganography using the Envelope of Histogram. Journal of Computers 4(7), 646–653 (2009)
Mahdavi, M., Samavi, S., Zaker, N., Modares-Hashemi, M.: Steganalysis Method for LSB Replacement Based on Local Gradient of Image Histogram. Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 4(3), 59–70 (2008)
Manjula Devi, T.H., Manjunatha Reddy, H.S., Raja Venugopal, K.B., Patnaik, L.M.: Detecting Original Image Using Histogram, DFT and SVM. International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering 1(1), 367–371 (2009)
Avcibas, I., Memon, N., Sankur, B.: Steganalysis Using Image Quality Metrics. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 12(2), 221–229 (2003)
Prakash Battula, B., Satya Prasad, R.: Essentials of Image Steganalysis Measures. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 11(1), 1–9 (2010)
Avcibas, I., Kharrazi, M., Memon, N., Sankur, B.: Image Steganalysis with Binary Similarity Measures. EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing 2005(17), 2749–2757 (2005)
Farid, H.: Detecting Steganographic Messages in Digital Images. TR2001-412, Dartmouth College, Computer Science, pp. 1–9 (2001), http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.2.6548
Barbier, J., Filiol, E., Mayoura, K.: New Features for Specific JPEG Steganalysis. International Journal of Mathematical and Computer Sciences 2(3), 119–124 (2006)
Miche, Y., Bas, P., Lendasse, A., Jutten, C., Simula, O.: Reliable Steganalysis Using a Minimum Set of Samples and Features. EURASIP Journal on Information Security 2009, Article ID 901381, 13 pages (2009), doi:10.1155/2009/901381
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Yao, X. et al. (2011). Statistical Modeling for LSB-Based Image Steganalysis: A Systematic Perspective. In: Zeng, D. (eds) Applied Informatics and Communication. ICAIC 2011. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 224. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23214-5_85
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23214-5_85
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-23213-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-23214-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)