Skip to main content

Statistical Modeling for LSB-Based Image Steganalysis: A Systematic Perspective

  • Conference paper
Applied Informatics and Communication (ICAIC 2011)

Part of the book series: Communications in Computer and Information Science ((CCIS,volume 224))

Included in the following conference series:

  • 1790 Accesses

Abstract

Steganalysis is a science of detecting possible hidden messages in an apparently innocuous cover medium, which is usually modeled as looking for a characteristic function that can discriminate effectively the stego from the cover. In this paper, we investigated the statistical models available for typical tools of LSB-based image steganalysis, focusing on their relations with the statistics of cover images, of secret messages, of operations acted upon the cover image, in an effort to theoretically form a systematic perspective which helps cast better insights into different steganalytic methods of inherent consistence. We proved the equivalence of some statistical models as results and compared the difference of effectiveness among these consistent statistical models.

This project is sponsored by the Doctorate Initiation program of Hainan University, 3rd “211 Engineering Construction” Project of Hainan University and Special Expense Support from Hainan Provincial Engineering Technological Research Center under the grant No.2060499.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Provos, N., Honeyman, P.: Hide and Seek: An Introduction to Steganography. IEEE Security and Privacy 1(3), 32–44 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Cachin, C.: An information-theoretic model for steganography. Information and Computation 192(1), 41–56 (2004)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. Westfeld, A., Pfitzmann, A.: Attacks on steganographic systems. In: Pfitzmann, A. (ed.) IH 1999. LNCS, vol. 1768, pp. 61–76. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurtosis

  5. Westfeld, A.: Detecting low embedding rates. In: Petitcolas, F.A.P. (ed.) IH 2002. LNCS, vol. 2578, pp. 324–339. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  6. Fridrich, J., Goljan, M., Du, R.: Reliable Detection of LSB Steganography in Grayscale and Color Images. In: Proc. ACM Workshop Multimedia Security, Ottawa, ON, Canada, pp. 25–30 (October 2001)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Dumitrescu, S., Wu, X., Wang, Z.: Detection of LSB steganography via sample pair analysis. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 51(7), 1995–2007 (2003)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhang, X., Wang, S., Zhang, K.: Steganography with Least Histogram Abnormality. In: Gorodetsky, V., Popyack, L.J., Skormin, V.A. (eds.) MMM-ACNS 2003. LNCS, vol. 2776, pp. 395–406. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. Draper, S., Ishwar, P., Molnar, D., Prabhakaran, V., Ramchandran, K., Schonberg, D., Wagner, D.: An Analysis of Empirical PMF Based Tests for Least Significant Bit Image Steganography. In: Barni, M., Herrera-Joancomartí, J., Katzenbeisser, S., Pérez-González, F. (eds.) IH 2005. LNCS, vol. 3727, pp. 327–341. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhang, T., Ping, X.: Reliable detection of LSB steganography based on the difference image histogram. In: Proc. Of IEEE conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP 2003), vol. 3, pp. 545–548 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Li, Z., Lu, K., Zeng, X., Pan, X.: A Blind Stegananlytic Scheme Based on DCT and Spatial Domain for JPEG Images. Journal of Multimedia 5(3), 200–207 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Chen, X., Wang, Y., Tan, T., Guo, L.: Blind Image Steganalysis Based on Statistical Analysis of Empirical Matrix. In: Proc. Of 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR 2006), vol. 3, pp. 1107–1110 (August 2006)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Abolghasemi, M., Aghainia, H., Faez, K., Mehrabi, M.A.: Steganalysis of LSB Matching Based on Co-occurrence Matrix and Removing Most Significant Bit Planes. In: Proc. Of International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia signal Processing (IIHMSP 2008), pp. 1527–1530 (August 2008)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Xuan, G., Shi, Y., Huang, C., Fu, D., et al.: Steganalysis Using High-Dimensional Features Derived from Co-Occurrence Matrix and Class-wise Non- Principal Components Analysis (CNPCA), http://www.grxuan.org/english/IWDW2006163.pdf

  15. Franz, E.: Steganography Preserving Statistical Properties. In: Petitcolas, F.A.P. (ed.) IH 2002. LNCS, vol. 2578, pp. 278–294. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  16. Provos, N.: Defending against statistical steganalysis, CITI Techreport 01-4, Center for Information Technology Integration, University of Michigan (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Eggers, J.J., BÄauml, R., Girod, B.: A communications approach to image steganography. In: Proc. Of SPIE, Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents IV, San Jose, USA, vol. 4675, pp. 1–12 (January 2002), http://www.lit.lnt.de/papers/EI2002-stego.pdf

  18. Tang, G., Liu, J.: A Secure Steganography Preserving High Order Statistics. Journal of Multimedia 5(2), 189–196 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Harmsen, J., Pearlman, W.A.: Steganalysis of additive noise modelable information hiding. In: Proceedings of the SPIE Security Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents VI, vol. 5020, pp. 131–142 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Zhang, J., Hu, Y., Yuan, Z.: Detection of LSB Matching Steganography using the Envelope of Histogram. Journal of Computers 4(7), 646–653 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Mahdavi, M., Samavi, S., Zaker, N., Modares-Hashemi, M.: Steganalysis Method for LSB Replacement Based on Local Gradient of Image Histogram. Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 4(3), 59–70 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Manjula Devi, T.H., Manjunatha Reddy, H.S., Raja Venugopal, K.B., Patnaik, L.M.: Detecting Original Image Using Histogram, DFT and SVM. International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering 1(1), 367–371 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Avcibas, I., Memon, N., Sankur, B.: Steganalysis Using Image Quality Metrics. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 12(2), 221–229 (2003)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  24. Prakash Battula, B., Satya Prasad, R.: Essentials of Image Steganalysis Measures. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 11(1), 1–9 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Avcibas, I., Kharrazi, M., Memon, N., Sankur, B.: Image Steganalysis with Binary Similarity Measures. EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing 2005(17), 2749–2757 (2005)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  26. Farid, H.: Detecting Steganographic Messages in Digital Images. TR2001-412, Dartmouth College, Computer Science, pp. 1–9 (2001), http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.2.6548

  27. Barbier, J., Filiol, E., Mayoura, K.: New Features for Specific JPEG Steganalysis. International Journal of Mathematical and Computer Sciences 2(3), 119–124 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Miche, Y., Bas, P., Lendasse, A., Jutten, C., Simula, O.: Reliable Steganalysis Using a Minimum Set of Samples and Features. EURASIP Journal on Information Security 2009, Article ID 901381, 13 pages (2009), doi:10.1155/2009/901381

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Yao, X. et al. (2011). Statistical Modeling for LSB-Based Image Steganalysis: A Systematic Perspective. In: Zeng, D. (eds) Applied Informatics and Communication. ICAIC 2011. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 224. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23214-5_85

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23214-5_85

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-23213-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-23214-5

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics