Abstract
Robots are pervading human society today at an ever-accelerating rate, but in order to actualize their profound potential impact, robots will need cognitive capabilities that support the necessary social intelligence required to fluently engage with people and other robots. People are social agents and robots must develop sufficient social intelligence to engage with them effectively. Despite their enormous potential, robots will not be accepted in society unless they exhibit social intelligence skills. They cannot work with people effectively if they ignore the limitations, needs, expectations and vulnerability of people working in and around their workspaces. People are limited social agents, i.e. they do not have unlimited cognitive, computational and physical capabilities. People have limited ability in perceiving, paying attention, reacting to stimuli, anticipating, and problem-solving. In addition, people are constrained by their morphology; it limits their physical strength for example. People cannot be expected to and will not compensate for social deficiencies of robots, hence widespread acceptance and integration of robots into society will only be achieved if robots possess the sufficient social intelligence to communicate, interact and collaborate with people. In this paper we identify the key cognitive capabilities robots will require to achieve appropriate levels of social intelligence for safe and effective engagement with people. This work serves as a proto-blueprint that can inform the emerging roadmap and research agenda for the new exciting and challenging field of social robotics.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Albrecht, K.: Social Intelligence: the New Science of Success. Wiley (2005)
Asimov, I.: I, Robot. Doubleday & Company, New York (1950)
Anderson, J.R.: Language, memory, and thought. Erlbaum, Hillsdale (1976)
Asch, S.E.: Forming impressions of personality. Abnormal & Social Psy. 41, 258–290 (1946)
Baker, J.: Social Skills Training: for children and adolescents with Asperger Syndrome and Social-Communication Problems. Autism Asperger Publishing Company (2003)
Bandura, A.: Aggression: A social learning analysis. Prentice-Hall (1973)
Bandura, A.: Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1986)
Bandura, A., Walters, R.H.: Social learning and personality development. Rinehart, & Winston, New York (1963)
Bargh, J.A.: The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition. In: Wyer, R.S., Srull, T.K. (eds.) Handbook of Social Cognition, 2nd edn., vol. 1, pp. 1–40. Erlbaum, Hillsdale (1994)
Baron-Cohen, S.: Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. MIT Press (1995)
Baron-Cohen, S.: Precursors to a theory of mind: Understanding attention in others. In: Whiten, A. (ed.) Natural Theories of Mind: Evolution, Development and Simulation of Everyday Mindreading, pp. 233–251. Basil Blackwell, Oxford (1991)
Baron-Cohen, S., Tager-Flusberg, H., Cohen, D.J.: Does the autistic child have a theory of mind? Cognition 21, 37–46 (1993)
Brass, M., et al.: Investigating Action Understanding: Inferential Processes versus Action Simulation. Current Biology 17(24), 2117–2121 (2007)
Broom, M.E.: A note on the validity of a test of social intelligence. Journal of Applied Psychology 12, 426–428 (1928)
Byrne, R., Whiten, A. (eds.): Machiavellian intelligence: Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1988)
Call, J., Tomasello, M.: Distinguishing intentional from accidental actions in orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and human children (Homo sapiens). Journal of Comparative Psychology 112(2), 192–206 (1998)
Cantor, N., Fleeson, W.: Social intelligence and intelligent goal pursuit: A cognitive slice of motivation. In: Spaulding, W.D. (ed.) Integrative Views of Motivation, Cognition, and Emotion, pp. 125–180 (1994)
Cantor, N., Kihlstrom, J.F.: Social intelligence and cognitive assessments of personality. In: Wyer, Srull (eds.) Advances in Social Cognition, vol. 2, pp. 1–59 (1989)
Cantor, N., Zirkel, S.: Personality, cognition, and purposive behavior. In: Pervin, L. (ed.) Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, pp. 125–164. Guilford, NY (1990)
Carruthers, P.: Simulation and self-knowledge: a defence of the theory-theory. In: Carruthers, P., Smith, P.K. (eds.) Theories of Theories of Mind. Cambridge University Press (1996)
Huang, C.-M., Mutlu, B.: Robot Behavior Toolkit: Generating Effective Social Behaviors for Robots. In: International Human-Robot Interaction Conference (2012)
Conway, M.A.: Autobiographical memory: An introduction. OUP, Milton Keynes (1990)
Courtin, C.: The impact of sign language on the cognitive development of deaf children: The case of theories of mind. Cognition 77, 25–31 (2000)
Flavell, J.H., Ross, L.: Social and cognitive development: Frontiers and possible future. CUP (1981)
Gallese, V., Goldman, A.: Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading. Trends in Cognitive Science 2(12), 493–501 (1998)
Gallup, G.G.: Chimpanzees: Self-recognition. Science 167, 86–87 (1970)
Gallup, G.G.: Self-awareness and the evolution of social intelligence. Behavioural Processes 42, 239–247 (1998)
Gärdenfors, P.: How Homo became Sapiens. MIT Press, Cambridge (2004)
Gärdenfors, P., Williams, M.-A.: Communication, Planning and Collaboration based on Representations and Simulations. In: Khlenthos, D., Schalley, A. (eds.) Language and Cognitive Structure, Benjamins, p. 56 (2007)
Gordon, R.M.: ’Radical’ simulationism. In: Carruthers, P., Smith, P.K. (eds.) Theories of Theories of Mind. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1996)
Hare, B., Call, J., Tomasello, M.: Do chimpanzees know what conspecifics know and do not know? Animal Behavior 61, 139–151 (2001)
Horowitz, A.: Attention to attention in domestic dog (Canis familiaris) dyadic play. Animal Cognition 12, 107–118 (2009)
Kahn, Kanda, Ishiguro, Gill, Ruckert, Shen: Do People Hold a Humanoid Robot Morally Accountable for the Harm It Causes? In: Human-Robot Interaction Conference (2012)
Kaminski, J., Neumann, M., Bräuer, J., Call, J., Tomasello, M.: Dogs (Canisfamiliaris) communicate with humans to request but not to inform. Animal Behavior 82(4), 651–658 (2011)
Kihlstrom, J., Cantor, N.: Social Intelligence. In: Sternberg, R.J. (ed.) Handbook of Intelligence, 2nd edn., pp. 359–379. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Meltzoff, A.N.: Imitation as a mechanism of social cognition: Origins of empathy, theory of mind, and the representation of action. In: Goswami, U. (ed.) Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development, pp. 6–25. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford (2002)
Pelphrey, K.A., et al.: Grasping the Intentions of Others: The Perceived Intentionality of an Action Influences Activity in the Superior Temporal Sulcus during Social Perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16(10), 1706–1716 (2004)
Pettersson, H., Kaminski, J., Herrmann, E., Tomasello, M.: Understanding of human communicative motives in domestic dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Sciences 133(3-4), 235–245 (2011)
Povinelli, D.J., Nelson, K.E., Boysen, S.T.: Inferences about guessing and knowing by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Comparative Psychology 104(3), 203–210 (1990)
Premack, D., Woodruff, G.: Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral & Brain Sciences 1, 515–526 (1978)
Huang, C.-M., Thomaz, A.L.: Joint Attention in Human-Robot Interaction. In: AAAI Fall Symposium on Dialog with Robots, Arlington, VA (2010)
Scasselatti, B.: Theory of Mind for a Humanoid Robot (2004); Sechrest, L., Jackson, D.N.: Social intelligence and the accuracy of interpersonal predictions. Journal of Personality 29, 167–182 (1961)
Scheider, L., Grassman, S., Kaminski, J., Tomasello, M.: Domestic dogs use contextual information and tone of voice when following a human pointing gesture. PLOS One 6(7) (2011)
Sommerville, J.A., Decety, J.: Weaving the fabric of social interaction: Articulating developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience in the domain of motor cognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 13(2), 179–200 (2006)
Williams, M.-A.: Representation = Grounded Information. In: Ho, T.-B., Zhou, Z.-H. (eds.) PRICAI 2008. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 5351, pp. 473–484. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)
Williams, M.-A.: Autonomy: Life and Being. In: Bi, Y., Williams, M.-A. (eds.) KSEM 2010. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 6291, pp. 137–147. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Ryan Calo, M.: Robots and Privacy. In: Lin, P., Bekey, G., Abney, K. (eds.) Robot Ethics: The Ethical and Social Implications of Robotics. MIT Press, Cambridge (2011)
Knapp, M., Romeo, R., Beecham, J.: Economic Cost of Autism in the UK, vol. 13, pp. 317–336 (autism May 1, 2009)
Novianto, R., Williams, M.-A.: The Role of Attention in Robot Self-Awareness. In: Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, RO-MAN 2009, pp. 1047–1053 (2009)
Pfeifer, R., Bongard, J.C.: How the Body Shapes the Way We Think: A New View of Intelligence. MIT Press (2006)
Johnston, B., Williams, M.-A.: Autonomous Learning of Commonsense Simulations. In: International Symposium on Logical Formalizations of Commonsense Reasoning, pp. 73–78 (2009)
Novianto, R., Johnston, B., Williams, M.-A.: Attention in the ASMO Cognitive Architecture. In: Proc. Bioinspired Cognitive Architectures Symposium, pp. 98–105. IOS Press (2010)
World Health Organisation  ICD-10: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines: Disorders of adult personality and behaviour (2010)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Williams, MA. (2012). Robot Social Intelligence. In: Ge, S.S., Khatib, O., Cabibihan, JJ., Simmons, R., Williams, MA. (eds) Social Robotics. ICSR 2012. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 7621. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34103-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34103-8_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-34102-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-34103-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)