Abstract
Episodic memory modeling enjoys increasing interest in virtual agents, autonomous companions or computer games research communities. To evaluate memory models, it is often necessary to ”fill” them with appropriate data - streams of activities corresponding to what would happen to a real human during a particular time period. However, such activity corpora, freely available, are, to our best knowledge, lacking. This paper has two goals. First, it shows two already implemented complementary approaches to generating activity corpora. While the first one uses HTN planning to create a corpus with relatively abstract activities, the second one utilizes a 3D simulation to generate a stream of more fine-grained actions. The key question is evaluation of the resulting corpora in terms of their resemblance to streams of activities of real humans. Thus, the second goal of this paper is to compare the generated corpora to several known datasets of human activity, based on their entropy, compressibility and statistics of transitions between actions. This can be conceived as a first step towards creating general complexity measures of streams of human actions and we see it as the main contribution of this paper.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allbeck, J., Badler, N.: Simulating human activities for synthetic inputs to sensor systems. Distributed Video Sensor Networks, 193–205 (2011)
Arrabales, R., Ledezma, A., Sanchis, A.: ConsScale: A pragmatic scale for measuring the level of consciousness in artificial agents. Journal of Consciousness Studies 17(3-4), 131–164 (2010), http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/imp/jcs/2010/00000017/F0020003/art00008
Balmer, M., Meister, K., Rieser, M., Nagel, K., Axhausen, K.: Agent-based simulation of travel demand: Structure and computational performance of MATSim-T. In: 2nd TRB Conference on Innovations in Travel Modeling, Portland (2008)
Barabási, A., Albert, R.: Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science 286(5439), 509 (1999)
Blaylock, N., Allen, J.: Generating Artificial Corpora for Plan Recognition. In: Ardissono, L., Brna, P., Mitrović, A. (eds.) UM 2005. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3538, pp. 179–188. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Blaylock, N., Allen, J.: Fast hierarchical goal schema recognition. In: Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 21(1), p. 796. AAAI Press/MIT Press, Menlo Park/Cambridge (1999)
Brom, C., Lukavskỳ, J.: Towards virtual characters with a full episodic memory ii: The episodic memory strikes back. In: Proc. Empathic Agents, AAMAS workshop, pp. 1–9 (2009)
Brom, C., Pešková, K., Lukavský, J.: What Does Your Actor Remember? Towards Characters with a Full Episodic Memory. In: Cavazza, M., Donikian, S. (eds.) ICVS-VirtStory 2007. LNCS, vol. 4871, pp. 89–101. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Bryson, J., Stein, L.: Modularity and design in reactive intelligence. In: International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 17(1), pp. 1115–1120 (2001)
Edwards, A., Phillips, R., Watkins, N., Freeman, M., Murphy, E., Afanasyev, V., Buldyrev, S., da Luz, M., Raposo, E., Stanley, H., et al.: Revisiting Lévy flight search patterns of wandering albatrosses, bumblebees and deer. Nature 449(7165), 1044–1048 (2007)
Gemrot, J., Kadlec, R., Bída, M., Burkert, O., Píbil, R., Havlíček, J., Zemčák, L., Šimlovič, J., Vansa, R., Štolba, M., Plch, T., Brom, C.: Pogamut 3 Can Assist Developers in Building AI (Not Only) for Their Videogame Agents. In: Dignum, F., Bradshaw, J., Silverman, B., van Doesburg, W. (eds.) Agents for Games and Simulations. LNCS, vol. 5920, pp. 1–15. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Gomez, F.J., Togelius, J., Schmidhuber, J.: Measuring and Optimizing Behavioral Complexity for Evolutionary Reinforcement Learning. In: Alippi, C., Polycarpou, M., Panayiotou, C., Ellinas, G. (eds.) ICANN 2009, Part II. LNCS, vol. 5769, pp. 765–774. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Huynh, T., Fritz, M., Schiele, B.: Discovery of activity patterns using topic models. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing, pp. 10–19. ACM (2008)
Intille, S.S., Larson, K., Tapia, E.M., Beaudin, J.S., Kaushik, P., Nawyn, J., Rockinson, R.: Using a Live-In Laboratory for Ubiquitous Computing Research. In: Fishkin, K.P., Schiele, B., Nixon, P., Quigley, A. (eds.) PERVASIVE 2006. LNCS, vol. 3968, pp. 349–365. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Jakob, M., Vanek, O., Hrstka, O., Pechoucek, M.: Agents vs. pirates: Multi-agent simulation and optimization to fight maritime piracy. In: Proceedings of AAMAS, pp. 37–44 (2012)
Jolliffe, I.: Principal component analysis. Springer (2002)
Kadlec, R., Brom, C.: Towards an automatic diary: an activity recognition from a data collected by a mobile phone. In: Workshop Proceedings Space, Time and Ambient Intelligence (IJCAI), pp. 56–60 (2011), http://dl.dropbox.com/u/17077973/proceedings/STAMI-20110/STAMI-11-IJCAI-Proceeding.pdf
Kiukkonen, N., Blom, J., Dousse, O., Gatica-Perez, D., Laurila, J.: Towards rich mobile phone datasets: Lausanne data collection campaign. In: Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Pervasive Services (ICPS) (2010)
Klügl, F.: Measuring complexity of multi-agent simulations–an attempt using metrics. In: Languages, Methodologies and Development Tools for Multi-Agent Systems, pp. 123–138 (2008)
Koller, D., Friedman, N.: Probabilistic graphical models: principles and techniques. The MIT Press (2009)
Kučerová, L., Brom, C., Kadlec, R.: Towards planning the history of a virtual agent. In: ICAPS Workshop on Planning in Games (2010)
Li, M., Vitanyi, P.: An introduction to Kolmogorov complexity and its applications. Springer-Verlag New York Inc. (2008)
Nau, D., Au, T., Ilghami, O., Kuter, U., Murdock, J., Wu, D., Yaman, F.: SHOP2: An HTN planning system. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 20(1), 379–404 (2003)
Orkin, J., Roy, D.: The restaurant game: Learning social behavior and language from thousands of players online. Journal of Game Development 3(1), 39–60 (2007)
Panteleeva, S., Danzanov, Z., Reznikova, Z.: Estimate of complexity of behavioral patterns in ants: analysis of hunting behavior in myrmica rubra (hymenoptera, formicidae) as an example. Entomological Review 91(2), 221–230 (2011)
R Development Core Team: R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria (2010), http://www.R-project.org/
Rao, A.: AgentSpeak(L): BDI agents speak out in a logical computable language. In: Perram, J., Van de Velde, W. (eds.) MAAMAW 1996. LNCS, vol. 1038, pp. 42–55. Springer, Heidelberg (1996)
Roggen, D., Calatroni, A., Rossi, M., Holleczek, T., Forster, K., Troster, G., Lukowicz, P., Bannach, D., Pirkl, G., Ferscha, A., et al.: Collecting complex activity datasets in highly rich networked sensor environments. In: Seventh International Conference on Networked Sensing Systems (INSS), pp. 233–240. IEEE (2010)
Shlesinger, M., Zaslavsky, G., Frisch, U.: Lévy flights and related topics in physics. Springer (1995)
Tulving, E.: Precis of elements of episodic memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7(2), 223–268 (1984)
Van Kasteren, T., Noulas, A., Englebienne, G., Kröse, B.: Accurate activity recognition in a home setting. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing, pp. 1–9. ACM (2008)
Wickham, H.: ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer, New York (2009), http://had.co.nz/ggplot2/book
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Kadlec, R., Čermák, M., Behan, Z., Brom, C. (2013). Generating Corpora of Activities of Daily Living and towards Measuring the Corpora’s Complexity. In: Dignum, F., Brom, C., Hindriks, K., Beer, M., Richards, D. (eds) Cognitive Agents for Virtual Environments. CAVE 2012. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 7764. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36444-0_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36444-0_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-36443-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-36444-0
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)