Abstract
The burgeoning use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) has required the rapid response of stakeholders to identify best practices in the selection and training of UAS operators and managers. This paper examines the Knowledge, Skills, Attitudes, and Other aspects (KSAs/KSAOs) that have been identified as necessary of UAS operators. Historical studies on KSAs are outlined and commonalities in KSAs among UAS platforms are identified. Further, best practices for KSA enhancement training, such as Simulation Based Training (SBT) and Scenario Based Training (ScBT), are described. Example training scenario development is provided as is a sample training event utilizing the outlined practices is given.
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
References
Anson, J.H.: Leaders are the critical element in the network: Applying the Kotter Change Model in shaping future information systems. Army Comm., 20–27 (2011)
Austin, R.: Unmanned aircraft systems: UAVS design, development, and deployment. Wiley, Chichester (2010)
Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International, Unmanned aircraft system integration into the United States National Airspace System: An assessment of the impact on job creation in the U.S. Aerospace Industry (2010), https://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/uas-future.pdf (accessed December 15, 2012)
Barnes, M.J., Knapp, B.G., Tillman, B.W., Walters, B.A., Velicki, D.: Crew Systems Analysis of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Future Job and Tasking Environments (Technical Report No. ARLTR-2081). U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground (2000)
Bernacci, R.J.: TOPGUN for the irregular war fighter: A proven solution to a new problem. Joint Military Operations Department, Naval War College, Newport, RI (2010)
Blair, C., Collier, K.: Sims for learning vs. sims for assessment. Presented at the Immersive Learning University Conference, New Orleans, LA (2012)
Boot, W., Basak, C., Erickson, K., Neider, M., Simons, D., Fabiani, M., Gratton, G., Voss, M., Prakash, R., Lee, H., Low, K., Kramer, A.: Transfer of skill engendered by complete training under conditions of variable priority. Acta Psychologica 135(2010), 349–357 (2010)
Bowden, T., Hutchins, S., Jacobs, J., Laux, L., Peters, S.: Testing cognitive behavior with emphasis on analytical propensity of service members (Report No. ARL-CR-690). Army Research Labs, Aberdeen Proving Grounds (2011)
Chappelle, W., McDonald, K., McMillan, K.: Important and critical psychological attributes of USAF MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper pilots according to subject matter experts (Technical Report No. AFRL-SA-WP-TR-2011-0002). USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Wright Patterson Air Force Base (2011)
Chun, M.M., Jiang, Y.: Contextual cueing: Implicit learning and memory of visual context guides spatial attention. Cogn. Psych. 36, 28–71 (1998)
Cunningham, I.: Are “skills” all there is to learning in organizations? The case for a broader framework. Develop. Learn. Organizations 22(3), 5–8 (2008)
Dabu, A.: Strategic human resources management: Between the resource-based view of the firm and an entrepreneurship approach. Mercatus Center, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (n.d.)
Damm, L., Nachtergaele, C., Meskali, M., Berthelon, C.: The evaluation of traditional and early driver training with simulated accident scenarios. Human Factors 53(4), 323–337 (2011)
Department of Defense, Unmanned systems integrated roadmap FY2011-2036 (Reference Number: 11-S-3613). Author, Washington, DC (2011)
Department of Defense, Report to Congress on future unmanned aircraft systems training, operations, and sustainability (RefIDL 7-3C47E5F). Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, Washington, DC (2012)
English, T.P., Shampine, D.J., Adams, J.A., Muniak, C.G., Kratovil, E.W.: The safety of unmanned systems: The development of safety precepts for unmanned systems (UMS). Paper Presented at the 13th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposia, Seattle, WA (June 2008)
Gilmore, G.J.: Unmanned aircraft take on increased importance (2009) (available via American Forces Press Service), http://www.defense.gov/News/NewsArticle.aspx?ID=55239 (accessed December 11, 2012)
Goulter, C.J.M.: The development of UAVs and UCAVs: The early years. In: Barnes, O. (ed.) Air Power: UAVs: The Wider Context, pp. 11–25. Royal Air Force Directorate of Defence Studies, Royal Air Force College, Cranwell, UK (2009)
Guimond, M., Sole, M., Salas, E.: Getting ready for simulation based training. Nurs. Ed. Persp. 32(3), 179–185 (2011)
Hochmitz, I., Yuliver-Gavish, N.: Physical fidelity versus cognitive fidelity training in procedural skills acquisition. Hum. Fact. 53(5), 489–501 (2011)
Honeywell International, Honeywell awarded contract for post-production support services for the T-Hawk Micro Air Vehicle (2012), http://aerospace.honeywell.com/markets/defense/unmanned-systems/2012/09-September/honeywell-contract-for-support-services-on-t-hawk (accessed November 10, 2012)
Howse, W.R.: Knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics for remotely piloted aircraft pilots and operators (Report No. AFRCAPS-FR-2011-0006). Air Force Personnel Center, Randolph AFB (2011)
Kirkley, S.E., Kirkley, J.R.: Creating next generation blended learning environments using mixed reality, video games, and simulations. Tech. Trends 49(3), 43–53, 89 (2005)
Isherwood, M.: Global Hawk and persistent awareness: Sizing the Global Hawk fleet (2008), http://www.northropgrumman.com/analysis-center/paper/assets/Global_Hawk_Sizing_the_fleet.pdf (accessed October 30, 2012)
Joint Planning and Development Office, Next Generation Air Transportation System: unmanned aircraft systems research, development and demonstration roadmap, version 1.0 (2012), http://www.jpdo.gov/library/20120315_UAS%20RDandD%20Roadmap.pdf (accessed November 15, 2012)
Macchiarella, D., Brady, T., Lyon, B.: An application of high fidelity FTDs forab initio pilot training: The way ahead. Collegiate Avn. Rev. 26(1), 67–75 (2008)
Mangos, P.: Naval UAS cross-platform task analysis. Proceedings of the Unmanned Aircraft System / Remotely Piloted Aircraft (UAS/RPA) Human Factors and Human Systems Integration Research Workshop (2011), http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA563304 (accessed November 15, 2012)
Mangos, P., Vincenzi, D., Shrader, D., Williams, H., Arnold, R.: Analysis of Cross-Platform Naval Unmanned Aircraft system Task and Competency Requirements (2012), http://www.onr.navy.mil/~/media/Files/Funding-Announcements/BAA/2012/12-011-Amendment-0003.ashx (accessed January 02, 2013)
Masduki, I., Armstrong, M., Finley, A., Augustyniak, R., Herron, K.: Applying instructional design practices to evaluate and improve the Roadway Characteristics Inventory (RCI) training curriculum. Center for Information Management and Educational Services, Tallahassee (2010)
McKinley, R.A., McIntire, M.K., Funke, M.A.: Operator selection for unmanned aerial systems: Comparing video game players and pilots. Avn., Space, and Env. Med. 82(6), 635–642 (2011)
Ngadiman, Y.B., Hussin, B.B., Abdul Majid, I.B.: A study of human skill achievement in Malaysian public universities: Knowledge, skill, and attitude. In: Proceeding of the International Conference on Management, ICM 2011 (2011), http://www.internationalconference.com.my/proceeding/icm2011_proceeding/091_354_ICM2011_PG1280_1292_HUMAN_SKILL.pdf (accessed November 20, 2012)
Nisser, T., Westin, C.: Human factors challenges in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs): A literature review. Lund University School of Aviation, Lund (2006)
Nix, J., Rox, B.: Army’s premier helicopter MRO facility Takes on unmanned aircraft work (2012), http://www.ccad.army.mil/rv4_news/2012/rel_12-1029.html (accessed November 20, 2012)
Njuguna, A.: U.S. uses UAVs to hunt Somali pirates on shore. The Associated Press (2009), http://www.navytimes.com/news/2009/02/ap_piracy_021509/ (accessed December 15, 2012)
North Central Texas Council of Governments, North Central Texas regional general aviation and heliport system plan: Unmanned aircraft systems report (2011), http://www.nctcog.org/aa/jobs/trans/aviation/plan/UnmannedAircraftSystemsReport.pdf (accessed January 03, 2013)
Office of Naval Research, Unmanned aerial systems interface, selection, and training technologies (Report No. BAA 12-011). Author, Arlington (2012)
Osborn, K.: Unmanned aircraft system operators save lives in combat. Army News Service (2012), http://www.army.mil/article/82018/ (accessed January 05, 2013)
Pavlas, D., Burke, C.S., Fiore, S.M., Salas, E., Jensen, R., Fu, D.: EnhancingUnmanned Aerial System Training: A Taxonomy of Knowledge, Skills, Attitudes,and Methods. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomic Society 53rd Annual Meeting, HFES 2009 (2009)
Phillips, H.L., Arnold, R.D., Fatolitis, P.: Validation of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Operator Selection System. Paper Presented at the 45th Annual International Military Testing Association Conference, Pensacola, FL, November 3-6 (2003)
Rosen, M., Salas, E., Pavlas, D., Jensen, R., Fu, D., Lampton, D.: Demonstration-based training: A review of instructional features. Hum. Fact. 52(5), 596–609 (2010); Rosenberg, Z.: IN FOCUS: US Army rethinks UAV training. Flight International (November 2012), http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/in-focus-us-army-rethinks-uav-training-379178/ (accessed January 05, 2013)
Salas, E.: Turning a team of experts into an expert team: Contributions from the science of teamwork and simulation. Presented at the Simulation in Medical Education (SiME) Seminar Series, Stanford, CA (2009), http://cisl.stanford.edu/documents/ESalas020409.ppt (accessed November 20, 2012)
Sauter, J.A., Matthews, R.S., Yinger, A., Robinson, J.S., Moody, J., Riddle, S.: Distributed pheremone-based swarming control of unmanned air and ground vehicles for RSTA. In: Proceedings of SPIE Defense & Security Conference (2008), http://www.jacobstechnology.com/acs/pdf/SPIE08_SwarmingUAV.pdf (accessed November 22, 2012)
Schneirer, C.E., Guthrie, J.P., Olian, J.D.: A practical approach to conducting and using the training needs assessment. Pub. Pers. Mgt. 17(2), 191–205 (1988)
Sutcliff, A.: Analysing social computing requirements with small group theory. In: 2011 First International Workshop on Requirements Engineering for Social Computing (RESC), Trento, Italy, August 29-September 02 (2011), doi:10.1109/RESC.2011.6046715
Taylor, R.M.: Human automation integration for supervisory control of UAVs. NATO/OTAN, Farnborough (2006)
Taylor, R.M.: Human automation integration for supervisory control of UAVs (2007), http://ftp.rta.nato.int/public//PubFullText/RTO/MP/RTO-MP-HFM-136/MP-HFM136-12.pdf (accessed December 28, 2012)
Triplett, J.: The effects of commercial video game playing: A comparison of skills and abilities for the Predator UAV, Master’s thesis (2008), http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA483256 (accessed December 12, 2012)
Tvaryanas, A.P.: Human systems integration in remotely piloted aircraft operations. Aviat. Space Env. Med. 77, 1278–1282 (2006)
U.S. Army: Eyes of the Army: U.S. Army roadmap for UAS 2010-2035. U.S. Army UAS Center of Excellence, Fort Rucker, AL (2010); U.S. Government Accountability Office: Unmanned aircraft systems: Federal actions needed to ensure safety and expand their potential uses within the national airspace system (Report No. GAO-08-511). Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, USA (2008)
Warech, M.: Competency-based structured interviewing at the Buckhead Beef Company. Cornell Hotel and Rest Admin. Qrtly 43(1), 70–77 (2002)
Williams, H.P., Hartzler, B.M., Eggan, S.M., Wells, W.H., Varino, F.R., Arnold, R.D.: Proceedings of the Unmanned Aircraft System/Remotely Piloted Aircraft (UAS/RPA) Human Factors and Human Systems Integration Research Workshop (Report No. NAMRU-D Report Number 12-41), pp. 12–41. Naval Medical Research Unit-Dayton, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH (2011)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ison, D.C., Terwilliger, B.A., Vincenzi, D.A. (2013). Designing Simulation to Meet UAS Training Needs. In: Yamamoto, S. (eds) Human Interface and the Management of Information. Information and Interaction for Health, Safety, Mobility and Complex Environments. HIMI 2013. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 8017. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39215-3_67
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39215-3_67
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-39214-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-39215-3
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)