Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Processing real-time transactions in a replicated database system

  • Published:
Distributed and Parallel Databases Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A database system supporting a real-time application has to provide real-time information to the executing transactions. Each real-time transaction is associated with a timing constraint, typically in the form of a deadline. It is difficult to satisfy all timing constraints due to the consistency requirements of the underlying database. In scheduling the transactions it is aimed to process as many transactions as possible within their deadlines. Replicated database systems possess desirable features for real-time applications, such as a high level of data availability, and potentially improved response time for queries. On the other hand, multiple copy updates lead to a considerable overhead due to the communication required among the data sites holding the copies. In this paper, we investigate the impact of storing multiple copies of data on satisfying the timing constraints of real-time transactions. A detailed performance model of a distributed database system is employed in evaluating the effects of various workload parameters and design alternatives on the system performance. The performance is expressed in terms of the fraction of satisfied transaction deadlines. A comparison of several real-time concurrency control protocols, which are based on different approaches in involving timing constraints of transactions in scheduling, is also provided in performance experiments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abbott, R. and Garcia-Molina, H., “Scheduling Real-Time Transactions: A Performance Evaluation,”14th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, 1988, pp. 1–12.

  2. Abbott, R. and Garcia-Molina, H., “Scheduling Real-Time Transactions with Disk Resident Data,”15th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, 1989, pp. 385–396.

  3. Abbott, R. and Garcia-Molina, H., “Scheduling I/O Requests with Deadlines: A Performance Evaluation,”11th Real-Time Systems Symposium, 1990, pp. 113–124.

  4. Abbott, R. and Garcia-Molina, H., “Scheduling Real-Time Transactions: A Performance Evaluation,”ACM Transactions on Database Systems, vol. 17, pp. 513–560, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Agrawal, D., El Abbadi, A. and Jeffers, R., “Using Delayed Commitment in Locking Protocols for Real-Time Databases,”ACM SIGMOD Conference, 1992, pp. 104–113.

  6. Balter, R., Berard, P., and Decitre, P., “Why Control of Concurrency Level in Distributed Systems is More Fundamental Than Deadlock Management,”1st ACM SIGACT-SIGOPS Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing, 1982, pp. 183–193.

  7. Barbara, D. and Garcia-Molina, H., “How Expensive is Data Replication? An Example,”2nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, 1982, pp. 263–268.

  8. Bernstein, P.A. and Goodman, N., “An Algorithm for Concurrency Control and Recovery in Replicated Distributed Databases,”ACM Transactions on Database Systems, vol. 9, pp. 596–615, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bernstein, P.A., Hadzilacos, V., and Goodman, N.,Concurrency Control and Recovery in Database Systems, Addison-Wesley, 1987.

  10. Biyabani, S.R., Stankovic, J.A., and Ramamritham, K., “The Integration of Deadline and Criticalness in Hard Real-Time Scheduling,”9th Real-Time Systems Symposium, 1988, pp. 152–160.

  11. Carey, M.J., Jauhari, R., and Livny, M., “Priority in DBMS Resource Scheduling,”15th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, 1989, pp. 397–410.

  12. Carey, M.J. and Livny, M., “Conflict Detection Tradeoffs for Replicated Data,”ACM Transactions on Database Systems, vol. 16, pp. 703–746, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Chen, S., Stankovic, J.A., Kurose, J., and Townley, D., “Performance Evaluation of Two New Disk Scheduling Algorithms for Real-Time Systems,”Real-Time Systems Journal, vol. 3, pp. 307–336, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ciciani, B., Dias, D.M., and Yu, P.S., “Analysis of Replication in Distributed Database Systems,”IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, vol. 2, pp. 247–261, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Galler, B.I. and Bos, L., “A Model of Transaction Blocking in Databases,”Performance Evaluation, vol. 3, pp. 95–122, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Garcia-Molina, H., “Reliability Issues for Fully Replicated Distributed Databases,”IEEE Computer, vol. 15, pp. 34–42, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Garcia-Molina, H., “The Future of Data Replication,”5th Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems, 1986, pp. 13–19.

  18. Garcia-Molina, H. and Abbott, R.K., “Reliable Distributed Database Management,”Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 75, pp. 601–620, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Haritsa, J.R., Carey, M.J., and Livny, M., “On Being Optimistic About Real-Time Constraints,”ACM SIGACT-SIGMOD-SIGART, 1990, pp. 331–343.

  20. Haritsa, J.R., Carey, M.J., and Livny, M., “Dynamic Real-Time Optimistic Concurrency Control,”11th Real-Time Systems Symposium, 1990, pp. 94–103.

  21. Haritsa, J.R., Carey, M.J., and Livny, M., “Value-Based Scheduling in Real-Time Database Systems,” Technical Report No. 1024, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1991.

  22. Haritsa, J.R., Carey, M.J., and Livny, M., “Data Access Scheduling in Firm Real-Time Database Systems,”Real-Time Systems, vol. 4, pp. 203–241, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Huang, J., Stankovic, J.A., Towsley, D., and Ramamritham, K., “Experimental Evaluation of Real-Time Transaction Processing,”10th Real-Time Systems Symposium, 1989, pp. 144–153.

  24. Huang, J., Stankovic, J.A., Ramamritham, K., and Towsley, D., “Experimental Evaluation of Real-Time Optimistic Concurrency Control Schemes,”17th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, 1991, pp. 35–46.

  25. Huang, J., Stankovic, J.A., Ramamritham, K., and Towsley, D., “On Using Priority Inheritance In Real-Time Databases,”12th Real-Time Systems Symposium, 1991, pp. 210–221.

  26. Kim, W. and Srivastava, J., “Enhancing Real-Time DBMS Performance with Multiversion Data and Priority Based Disk Scheduling,”12th Real-Time Systems Symposium, 1991, pp. 222–231.

  27. Korth, H.F. and Silberschatz, A.,Database Systems Concepts, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1991.

  28. Lin, W. and Nolte, J., “Basic Timestamp, Multiple Version Timestamp, and Two-Phase Locking,”9th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, 1983, pp. 109–119.

  29. Noe, J.D. and Andreassian, A., “Effectiveness of Replication in Distributed Computer Networks,”7th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, 1987, pp. 508–513.

  30. Özsoyo\(\tilde g\)lu, G., Özsoyo\(\tilde g\)lu, Z.M., and Hou, W.C., “Research in Time and Error-Constrained Database Query Processing,”7th IEEE Workshop on Real-Time Operating Systems and Software, 1990, pp. 32–38.

  31. Özsu, M.T., “Performance Comparison of Distributed vs Centralized Locking Algorithms in Distributed Database Systems,”5th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, 1985, pp. 254–261.

  32. Ramamritham, K., “Real-Time Databases,” to appear inInternational Journal of Distributed and Parallel Databases, 1993.

  33. Schlicting, R.D. and Schneider, F.B., “Fail-Stop Processors: An Approach to Designing Fault-Tolerant Computing Systems,”ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, vol. 1, pp. 222–238, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Schwetman, H., “CSIM: A C-Based, Process-Oriented Simulation Language,”Winter Simulation Conference, 1986, pp. 387–396.

  35. Sha, L., Rajkumar, R., and Lehoczky, J., “Concurrency Control for Distributed Real-Time Databases,”ACM SIGMOD Record, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 82–98, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Sha, L., Rajkumar, R., and Lehoczky, J., “Priority Inheritance Protocols: An Approach to Real-Time Synchronization,”IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 39, pp. 1175–1185, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Sha, L., Rajkumar, R., Son, S.H., and Chang, C.H., “A Real-Time Locking Protocol,”IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 40, pp. 793–800, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Singhal, M., “A Fully-Distributed Approach to Concurrency Control in Replicated Database Systems,”12th International Computer Software and Applications Conference, 1988, pp. 353–360.

  39. Singhal, M., “Update Transport: A New Technique for Update Synchronization in Replicated Database Systems,”IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 16, pp. 1325–1336, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Son, S.H. and Chang, C.H., “Performance Evaluation of Real-Time Locking Protocols Using a Distributed Software Prototyping Environment,”10th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, 1990, pp. 124–131.

  41. Son, S.H. and Kouloumbis, S., “Performance Evaluation of Replication Control Algorithms for Distributed Database Systems,” Technical Report, CS-TR-9-11, University of Virginia, 1991.

  42. Son, S.H., Park, S., and Lin, Y., “An Integrated Real-Time Locking Protocol,”8th International Conference on Data Engineering, 1992, pp. 527–534.

  43. Ulusoy, Ö. and Belford, G.G., “Real-Time Lock Based Concurrency Control in a Distributed Database System,”12th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, 1992, pp. 136–143.

  44. Ulusoy, Ö., “Concurrency Control in Real-Time Database Systems,” Technical Report, UIUCDCS-R-92-1762, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1992.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Engineering and Information Science, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06533, Ankara, Turkey

    Özgür Ulusoy

Authors
  1. Özgür Ulusoy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Recommended by: A. Elmagarmid

This work was initiated while the author was at the Computer Science Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ulusoy, Ö. Processing real-time transactions in a replicated database system. Distrib Parallel Databases 2, 405–436 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01265321

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01265321

Keywords

Search

Navigation