Skip to main content
Log in

Generalized polymatroids and submodular flows

  • Published:
Mathematical Programming Submit manuscript

Abstract

Polyhedra related to matroids and sub- or supermodular functions play a central role in combinatorial optimization. The purpose of this paper is to present a unified treatment of the subject. The structure of generalized polymatroids and submodular flow systems is discussed in detail along with their close interrelation. In addition to providing several applications, we summarize many known results within this general framework.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • E. Balas, “A linear characterization of permutation vectors,” Management Science Research Report No. 364, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Balas and W. Pulleyblank, “The perfectly matchable subgraph polytope of bipartite graphs,”Networks 13 (1983) 495–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • R.E. Bixby, W.H. Cunningham and D.M. Topkis, “The partial order of a polymatroid extreme point,”Mathematics of Operations Research 10 (1985) 367–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • O. Boruvka, “O jistém problému minimálnim“ (with extended abstract in German),Acte Societatis Scientiarium Naturalium Moravicae, Tomus III, Fasc. 3, Signature F23 (1926) 37–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai Mao-Cheng, “Arc-disjoint arborescences of diagraphs,”Journal of Graph Theory 7 (1983) 235–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Cook, “On box totally dual integral polyhedra,”Mathematical Programming 34 (1986) 48–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • W.H. Cunningham, “An unbounded matroid intersection polyhedron,”Linear Algebra and its Applications 16 (1977) 209–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • W.H. Cunningham, “Optimal attack and reinforcement of a network,”Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery 32 (1985) 549–561.

    Google Scholar 

  • W.H. Cunningham, “On submodular function minimization,”Combinatorica 5 (1985) 185–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • W.H. Cunningham and A. Frank, “A primal-dual algorithm for submodular flows,”Mathematics of Operations Research 10 (1985) 251–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • F.D.J. Dunstan, “Matroids and submodular functions,”Quarterly Journal of Mathematics Oxford 27 (1976) 339–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Edmonds, “Minimum partition of a matroid into independent sets,”Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section B 69 (1965) 67–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Edmonds, “Lehman's switching game and a theorem of Tutte and Nash-Williams,”Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section B 69 (1965) 73–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Edmonds, “Submodular functions, matroids, and certain polyhedra,” in: R. Guy, H. Hanani, N. Sauer and J. Schonheim, eds.,Combinatorial Structures and their Applications (Gordon and Breach, New York 1970) pp. 69–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Edmonds, “Matroids and the greedy algorithm,”Mathematical Programming 1 (1971) 127–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Edmonds, “Edge-disjoint branchings,” in: R. Rustin, ed.,Combinatorial Algorithms (Algorithmic Press, New York, 1973) pp. 91–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Edmonds, “Matroid intersection,”Annals of Discrete Mathematics 4 (1979) 39–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Edmonds and R. Giles, “A min-max relation for submodular functions on graphs,”Annals of Discrete Mathematics 1 (1977) 185–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Fonlupt and A. Zemirline, “On the number of common bases of two matroids,”Discrete Mathematics 45 (1983) 217–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • L.R. Ford and D.R. Fulkerson,Flows in Networks (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Frank, “Kernel systems of directed graphs,”Acta Universities Szegediensis 41 (1979) 63–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Frank, “On the orientation of graphs,”Journal of Combinatorial Theory B 28 (1980) 251–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Frank, “How to make a digraph strongly connected,”Combinatorica 1 (1981) 145–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Frank, “On disjoint trees and arborescences,” in: L. Lovász and V.T. Sós, eds.,Algebraic Methods in Graph Theory (North-Holland, Amsterdam-New York, 1981) pp. 159–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Frank, “A weighted matroid intersection algorithm,”Journal of Algorithms 2 (1981) 328–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Frank, “An algorithm for submodular functions on graphs,” in: A. Bachem, M. Grötschel and B. Korte, eds., Bonn Workshop on Combinatorial Optimization, Bonn 1980, North-Holland Mathematics Studies 66 (North-Holland, Amsterdam-New York, 1982) pp. 97–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Frank, “Finding feasible vectors of Edmonds-Giles polyhedra,”Journal of Combinatorial Theory B 36 (1984) pp. 221–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Frank, “Submodular flows,” in: W.R. Pulleyblank, ed.,Progress in Combinatorial Optimization (Academic Press, Toronto, Ontario, 1984) pp. 147–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Frank, “Generalized polymatroids,” in: A. Hajnal et. al., eds.,Finite and Infinite Sets (North-Holland, Amsterdam-New York, 1984) pp. 285–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Frank and A. Gyárfás, “How to orient the edges of a graph,” in: A. Hajnal and V.T. Sós, eds.,Combinatorics (North-Holland, Amsterdam-New York, 1978) pp. 353–363.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Frank and É. Tardos, “Matroids from crossing families,” in: A. Hajnal et. al., eds.,Finite and Infinite Sets (North-Holland, Amsterdam-New York, 1984) pp. 295–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Frank and É. Tardos, “An algorithm for the unbounded matroid intersection polyhedron,” in: R.E. Burkard, R.A. Cunninghame-Green and U. Zimmermann, eds.,Algebraic and Combinatorial Methods in Operations Research, North-Holland Mathematics Studies 95,Annals of Discrete Mathematics 19 (North-Holland, Amsterdam-New York, 1984) pp. 129–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Frank and É. Tardos, “An application of submodular flows,” to appear inLinear Algebra and its Applications.

  • A. Frank, A. Sebö and É. Tardos, “Covering directed and odd cuts,”Mathematical Programming Studies 22 (1984) 99–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Fujishige, “Algorithms for solving the independent flow problems,”Journal of the Operations Research Society of Japan 21 (1978) 189–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Fujishige, “Structures of polyhedra determined by submodular functions on crossing families,”Mathematical Programming 29 (1984) 125–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Fujishige, “A note on Frank's generalized polymatroids,”Discrete Applied Mathematics 7 (1984) 105–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Fujishige, “A characterization of faces of the base polyhedron associated with a submodular system,”Journal of the Operations Research Society of Japan 27 (1984) 112–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Fujishige, “Submodular systems and related topics,” in B. Korte and K. Ritter, eds.,Mathematical Programming Study 22 (1984) 113–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Fujishige and N. Tomizawa, “A note on submodular functions on distributive lattices,”Journal of the Operations Research Society of Japan 26 (1983) 309–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Gale, “Optimal assignments in an ordered set: An application of matroid theory,”Journal of Combinatorial Theory 4 (1968) 176–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Giles, “Submodular functions, graphs and integer polyhedra,” Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Combinatorics and Optimization, University of Waterloo, Canada, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Gröflin and A.J. Hoffman, “On matroid intersections,”Combinatorica 1 (1981) 43–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Gröflin and T.M. Liebling, “Connected and alternating vectors, polyhedra and algorithms,”Mathematical Programming 20 (1981) 233–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Grötschel, L. Lovász and A. Schrijver, “The ellipsoid method and its consequences in combinatorial optimization,”Combinatorica 1 (1981) 169–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Hassin, “Minimum cost flow with set-constraints,”Networks 12 (1982) 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • D.A. Higgs, “Strong maps of geometries,”Journal of Combinatorial Theory 5 (1968) 185–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Hoffman, “Some recent applications of the theory of linear inequalities to extremal combinatorial analysis,” in:Proceedings of the Symposium of Applied Mathematics 10 (American Mathematical Society, Providence RI, 1960) pp. 113–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Hoffman, “A generalization of max-flow-min-cut,”Mathematical Programming 6 (1974) 352–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • A.J. Hoffman, “Ordered sets and linear programming,” in: I. Rival, ed.,Ordered Sets (D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht-Boston, MA, 1982) pp. 619–654.

    Google Scholar 

  • T.C. Hu,Integer Programming and Network Flows (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading MA, 1969) pp. 173–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Imai, “Network-flow algorithms for lower truncated transversal polymatroids,”Journal of the Operations Research Society of Japan 26 (1983) 186–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • E.L. Lawler, “Matroid intersection algorithms,”Mathematical Programming 9 (1975) 31–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • E.L. Lawler and C.U. Martel, “Computing maximal “polymatroidal” network flows,”Mathematics of Operations Research (1982) 334–347.

  • L. Lovász, “A generalization of König's theorem,”Acta Mathematica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 21 (1970) 443–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Lovász, “Flats in matroids and geometric graphs“ in: P.J. Cameron, ed.,Combinatorial Surveys, Proceedings of the 6th British Combinatorial Conference (Academic Press, London, 1977) pp. 45–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Lovász, “Submodular functions and convexity,” in: A. Bachem, M. Grötschel and B. Korte, eds.,Mathematical Programming: The State of the Art (Springer-Verlag, Berlin-New York, 1983) pp. 235–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Lovász and Y. Yemini, “On generic rigidity in the plane,”SIAM Journal on Algebraic and Discrete Methods 3 (1982) 91–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • C.L. Lucchesi and D.H. Younger, “A minimax relation for directed graphs,”Journal of the London Mathematical Society Second Series (1978) 369–374.

  • C. Mao-Cheng, “Arc-disjoint arborescences of digraphs,”Journal of Graph Theory 7 (1973) 235–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • C.J.H. McDiarmid, “Independence structures and submodular functions,”Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 29 (1973) 18–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • C.J.H. McDiarmid, “Rado's theorem for polymatroids,”Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 78 (1975) 263–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • C.J.H. McDiarmid, “Blocking, anti-blocking, and pairs of matroids and polymatroids,”Journal of Combinatorial Theory B 25 (1978) 313–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • C.St.J.A. Nash-Williams, “An application of matroids to graph theory,” in: P. Rosenstiehl, ed.,Theory of Graphs (Proceedings International Symposium Roma, 1966) (Gordon and Breach, New York and Dunod, Paris, 1967) pp. 263–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • C.St.J.A. Nash-Williams, “Well-balanced orientation of finite graphs and unobtrusive odd-vertex pairing,” in: W.T. Tutte, ed.,Recent Progress in Combinatorics (Academic Press, New York, 1969) pp. 133–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • W.R. Pulleyblank, “Polyhedral combinatorics,” in: A. Bachem, M. Grötschel and B. Korte, eds.,Mathematical Programming: The State of the Art (Springer-Verlag, 1983) pp. 312–345.

  • R. Rado, “A theorem on independence functions,”Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, Oxford 13 (1942) 83–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Rado, “Note on independence functions,”Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, Third Series 7 (1957) 300–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • L.S. Shapley, “Cores of convex games,”International Journal of Game Theory 1 (1971) 11–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Schönsleben, “Ganzzahlige Polymatroid-Intersektions-Algorithmen,” Ph.D. Thesis, Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschule, Zürich, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Schrijver, “On total dual integrality,”Linear Algebra and its Applications 38 (1981) 27–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Schrijver, “Packing and covering of crossing families of cuts,”Journal of Combinatorial Theory B 35 (1983) 104–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Schrijver, “Total dual integrality from directed graphs, crossing families and sub- and supermodular functions,” in: W.R. Pulleyblank, ed.,Progress in Combinatorial Optimization (Academic Press, Toronto, Ontario, 1984) pp. 315–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Schrijver, “Proving total dual integrality with cross-free families—a general framework,”Mathematical Programming 29 (1984) 15–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Schrijver, “Supermodular colourings,” in: A. Recski, L. Lovász, eds.,Matroid Theory, Colloquia Mathematica Societatis János Bolyai 40 (North-Holland, Amsterdam-New York, 1985) pp. 327–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Schrijver,Theory of Linear and Integer Programming (Wiley, New York, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  • É. Tardos, “Generalized matroids and supermodular colourings,” in: A. Recski and L. Lovász, eds.,Matroid Theory, Colloquia Mathematica Societatis János Bolyai 40 (North-Holland, Amsterdam-New York, 1985) pp. 359–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • É. Tardos, C.A. Tovey and M.A. Trick, “Layered augmenting path algorithms,”Mathematics of Operations Research 11 (1986) 362–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • D.M. Topkis, “Adjacency on polymatroids,”Mathematical Programming 30 (1984) 229–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • W.T. Tutte, “On the problem of decomposing a graph inton connected factors,”Journal of the London Mathematical Society 36 (1961) 221–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Vidyasankar, “Covering the edge set of a directed graph with trees,”Discrete Mathematics 24 (1978) 79–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Vidyasankar and D. Younger, “A minimax equality related to the longest directed path in an acyclic graph,”Canadian Journal of Mathematics 27 (1975) 348–351.

    Google Scholar 

  • V.A. Yemelichev, M.M. Kovalev and M.K. Kravtscv,Polytopes, Graphs and Optimization (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1984).

    Google Scholar 

  • D.J.A. Welsh, “Kruskal's theorem for matroids,”Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 64 (1968) 3–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • D.J.A. Welsh,Matroid Theory (Academic Press, London, 1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • U. Zimmermann, “Minimization on submodular flows,”Discrete Applied Mathematics 4 (1982) 303–323.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Supported by a grant from the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung and by the Institut für Ökonometrie und Operations Research of the University of Bonn, Bonn, Nassestr. 2, Federal Republic of Germany.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Frank, A., Tardos, É. Generalized polymatroids and submodular flows. Mathematical Programming 42, 489–563 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01589418

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01589418

Keywords

Navigation