Skip to main content
Log in

Beyond the holy grail: From citation theory to indicator theories

  • Published:
Scientometrics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A recurring theme in the use of science and technology indicators, as well as in the construction of new ones, is the interpretation of these indicators. Given the dependence on citation data in the majority of interesting science and technology indicators, a general citation theory would make the meaning of S&T indicators more transparent. Hence the continuing call for a citation theory in scientometrics. So far, such a theory has not yet been accepted by the experts in the field. This paper suggests an explanation for this. It also tries to sketch the outline of a generalindicator theory by discussing new implications of an earlier proposal (Wouters, 1998) in relation to existing citation and indicator theories.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ashmore, M. (1989),The reflexive thesis: Wrighting sociology of scientific knowledge., The University of Chicago Press.

  • Bateson, G. (1980),Mind and Nature, Bantam, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brand, S. (1987),The Media Lab. Inventing the future at M.I.T., Penguin Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chubin, D., Hackett, E. J. (1990)Peerless Science: Peer review and U.S. science policy, State University of New York Press, Albany, US.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cozzens, S. (1981), Taking the measure of science: A review of citation theories,International Society for the Sociology of Knowledge Newsletter 7(1–2), 16–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cozzens, S. (1985), Comparing the sciences: Citationcontext analysis of papers from neuro-pharmacology and the sociology of science.Social Studies of Science 15, 127–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cozzens, S. (1989), What do citations count? the rhetoric-first model,Scientometrics 15, 437–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cozzens, S. E., Healy, P., Rip, A., Ziman, J. (1990),The research system in transition, Kluwer, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronin, B. (1981), The need for a theory of citing,Journal of Documentation 37(1), 16–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronin, B. (1984),The Citation Process. The role and significance of citations in scientific communication, Taylor Graham, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronin, B. (1988), The sovereign sign: citations and the market for symbolic capital. Paper presented at an International Conference, Semiotics and the Information Sciences, Victoria College, University of Toronto, October 13–15, 1998.

  • Edge, D. O., Mulkay, M. J. (1976),Astronomy Transformed: The Emergence of Radio Astronomy in Britain, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elkana, Y., Lederberg, J., Merton, R. K., Thackray, A., Zuckerman, H. (1979),Toward a Metric of Science: The Advent of Science Indicators, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, N. G. (1977), Referencing as persuasion,Social Studies of Science 7, 113–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyningen-Huene, P. (1993),Reconstructing scientific revolutions, the University of Chicago Press.

  • Jasanoff, S. (1990),The fifth branch: Science advisers as policymakers, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, N. (1965), Prolegomena to the footnote,American Documentation, 16, 179–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knorr-Cetina, K. (1981),The manufacture of knowledge: An essay on the constructivist and contextual nature of science. Pergamon, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latour, B. (1984),Les Microbes: Guerre et Paix suivi de Irréductions, Editions A. M. Métaillié.

  • Latour, B., Woolgar, S. (1986),Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts, 2nd edn, Princeton University Press.

  • Lemaine, G., Macleod, R., Mulkay, M., Weingart, P. (1976),Perspectives on the Emergence of Scientific Disciplines, Mounton-Aldine, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leydesdorff, L. (1987), Towards a theory of citation,Scientometrics 12, 287–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leydesdorff, L., Wouters, P. Eds (1997),Proceedings of the Erasmus Workshop on Quantitative Approaches to Science & Technology Studies, May 21–24, 1996, Amsterdam (The Netherlands), Vol. 38.

  • Luukkonen, T. (1990), Citations in the rhetorical, reward and communications systems of science, PhD thesis, Acta Universitatis Tamperensis, ser A, vol. 285, University of Tampere, Tampere.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luukkonen, T. (1997), Why has Latour's Theory of Citations been Ignored by the Bibliometric Community? Discussion of Sociological Interpretations of Citation Analysis,in Leydesdorff & Wouters (1997), pp. 27–39.

  • Macroberts, M. H., Macroberts, B. R. (1984), The negational reference: or the art of dissembling,Social Studies of Science 14, 91–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macroberts, M. H., Macroberts, B. R. (1989), Problems of citation analysis: A critical review,Journal of the American Society for Information Science 40(5), 342–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merton, R. K. (1973),The normative structure of science, University of Chicago Press, chapter 2.

  • Narin, F. (1976),Evaluative Bibliometrics, Computer Horizons Inc., Cherry Hill, N.J.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newell, A., Simon, H. A. (1990), Computer science as empirical enquiry: Symbols and search, InM. Boden, Ed., The Philosophy of Artifical Intelligemence', Oxford Readings in Philosophy, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 105–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, T. M. (1995),Trust in numbers. The pursuit of objectivity in science and public life, Princeton University Press.

  • Price, D. De Solla (1961),Science since Babylon, Yale University Press, New Haven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, D. De Solla (1970), Citation measures of hard science, soft science, technology and non-science, D. C. Health & Co, Lexington, Mass., pp. 3–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, D. De Solla (1979), The citation cycle, In The American Society for Information Science, 8th Mid-Year Meeting, May 16–19, 1979 Collected Papers.

  • Shannon, C. E., Weaver, W. (1949),The Mathematical Theory of Communication, The University of Illinois Press, Urbana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, L. C. (1981), Citation analysis,Library Trends pp. 83–106.

  • Van Der Meulen, B. J. R. (1992), Evaluation Processes in Science: the Construction of Quality by Science, Government and Industry, PhD thesis, University of Twente.

  • Whitley, R. (1984),The intellectual and social organization of the sciences, Oxford University Press.

  • Wouters, P. (1997), Citation cycles and peer review cycles, InLeydesdorff & Wouters (1997), pp. 39–55.

  • Wouters, P. (1988), The signs of science,Scientometrics 41 (1–2), 225–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wouters, P. (1999), The Citation Culture, PhD thesis, Science and Technology Dynamics, University of Amsterdam.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wouters, P. Beyond the holy grail: From citation theory to indicator theories. Scientometrics 44, 561–580 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02458496

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02458496

Keywords

Navigation