Abstract
The head-up-display (HUD), which reflects driving information into the windshield has the goal to lower driving effort from the information uptake and thereby, increase our safety by reducing risks associated to e.g., fatigue and stress. However, the user acceptance of the Advanced Driving Assistance Systems (ADAS) is remarkably low. This motivated us to test the HUD by conducting a real-world experiment with 48 subjects who drove in real traffic conditions two premium vehicles in a highway in Germany. After each ride, participants rated their driving experience in terms of Human-Machine Interface (HMI), their feelings of safety and driving effort. Results from CMP regressions (Roodman, Stata J. 11, 159–206 (2011)) show that the HUD has a significant positive effect on the driving effort and safety feelings, and on the overall driving experience. Moreover, we find that this effect is stronger among risk-averse drivers, elderly, students, and females. In particular, women felt significantly safer while the HUD was activated. To reverse low ADAS acceptance, specific differentiation settings regarding the driver’s profile are discussed.




Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Aydogdu, S., Seidler, C., Schick, B.: Trust is good, control is better? – The influence of head-up display on customer experience of automated lateral vehicle Control. In: HCI in mobility, transport, and automotive systems. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Berlin (2019)
Aydogdu, C., Schick, B., Wolf, M.: Claim and reality? Lane keeping assistant –The conflict between expectation and customer experience. In the 27th Aachen Colloquium Automobile and Engine Technology (2018)
Bark Karlin, C., Tran, K., Fujimura, Ng-Thow-Hing, V. (2014). Personal Navi: Benefits of an Augmented Reality Navigational Aid Using a See-Thru 3D Volumetric HUD. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (AutomotiveUI ’14). ACM, New York, Article 1, 8 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2667317.2667329
Ben-Elia, R., Di Pace, G.N., Bifulco, Y., Shiftan: The impact of travel information’s accuracy on route-choice. Transp. Res. Part C: Emerg. Technol. 26, 146–159 (2013)
Bogers, E.: Traffic information and learning in day-to-day route choice. T2009/5, June 2009, trail thesis series, Delft University of Technology, Delft (2009)
Bock, F., German, R., Sippl, C.: Fully automated vehicles: Challenges, expectations and methods. In 17. Internationales Stuttgarter Symposium (pp. 1373-1387). Wiesbaden, Deutschland: Springer Vieweg (2017)
Boström, Alexander and Fredrik Ramström. (2014). Head-up display for enhanced user experience. Department of Applied Information Technology Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg. http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/223949/223949.pdf
Byrnes, J., Miller, D.C., Schafer, W.D.: Gender differences in risk taking: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 125, 367–383 (1999)
Crayton, T.J., Meier, B.M.: Autonomous vehicles: Developing a public health research agenda to frame the future of transportation policy. J. Transp. Health 6, 245–252 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.04.004
Cavaye, A.L.M.: User participation in system development revisited. Inf. Manag. 28(5), 311–323 (1995)
Davis, F.D., Bagozzi, R.P., Warshaw, P.R.: User acceptance of computer technology: a comparison of two theoretical models. Manage. Sci. 35, 982–1003 (1989)
De Palma, A., Lindsey, R., Picard, N.: Risk aversion, the value of information, and traffic equilibrium. Transport. Sci. 46(1), 1–26 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.1110.0357
Fagnant, D.J., Kockelman, K.: Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles: opportunities, barriers and policy recommendations. Transp. Res. A Policy Pract. 77, 167–181 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2015.04.003
Fernandes, P., Nunes, U.: Platooning With IVC-Enabled Autonomous Vehicles: Strategies to Mitigate Communication Delays, Improve Safety and Traffic Flow. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 13(1), 91–106 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2011.2179936
François, M., Osiurak, F., Fort, A., Crave, P., Navarro, J.: Automotive HMI design and participatory user involvement: review and perspectives. Ergonomics 60(4), 541–552 (2017)
Gabbard, J.L., Gregory, M., Fitch, Kim, H.: Behind the glass: driver challenges and opportunities for AR automotive applications. Proc. IEEE 102(2), 124–136 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2013.2294642
Gold, C., Körber, M., Lechner, D., Bengler, K.: Taking Over Control From Highly Automated Vehicles in Complex Traffic Situations. Hum. Factors J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. 58(4), 642–652 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720816634226
Gish, K.W., Staplin, L.: Human factors aspects of using head up dis- plays in automobiles: A review of the literature. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) (report no: DOT HS 808 320), Washington, DC (1995)
Haines, P.H., Wilson, J.R., Vink, P., Koningsveld, E.: Validating a framework for Participatory Ergonomics (the PEF). Ergonomics 45(4), 309–327 (2002)
Harvey, C., Stanton, N.A., Pickering, C.A., McDonald, M., Zheng, P.: Contextof use as: a factor in determining the usability of in-vehicle devices. Theor. Issues Ergon. Sci. 12(4), 318–338 (2011)
Häuslschmid, R., Schnurr, L., Wagner, J., Butz, A.: Contact-analog Warnings on Windshield Displays promote Monitoring the Road Scene. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (AutomotiveUI ’15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp 64–71 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1145/2799250.2799274
Horrey William, J., Christopher D.Wickens, and Alexander, A.L.: The effects of head-up display clutter and in-vehicle display separation on concurrent driving performance. Proc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annu Meet 47(16), 1880–1884 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1177/154193120304701610
Kim Hyungil, A.M., Anon, T., Misu, N., Li, A., Tawari, Fujimura, K.: Look at me: Augmented reality pedestrian warning system using an in-vehicle volumetric head up display. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI ’16). ACM, New York, pp 294–298 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1145/2856767.285681546
Inuzuka Yasuhiro, Y., Osumi, and Hiroaki Shinkai. (1991). Visibility of Head up Dis- play (HUD) for Automobiles. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 35, 20 (1991), 1574–1578. https://doi.org/10.1177/154193129103502033
Ives, B., Olsson, M.: User involvement in information systems: A critical review of the empirical literature. New York University, New York (1981)
Jackson, T.T., Gray, M.: Field study of risk-taking behavior of automobile drivers. Percept Mot Ski 43, 471–474 (1976)
Johnsen, A., Strand, N., Andersson, J., Patten, C., Kraetsch, C., Takman, J.: Literature review on the acceptance and road safety, ethical, legal, social and economic implications of automated vehicles. Deliverable 2.1 from the EU-H2020-project BRAVE – BRidging the gaps for the adoption of Automated VEhicles. Materialien aus dem Institut für empirische Soziologie an der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2/2018, Nürnberg: IfeS (2018)
Kiefer, R.J.: Effect of a head-up versus head-down digital speedometer on visual sampling behavior and speed control performance during daytime automobile driving (Report No. 910111). Technical Report. SAE International, Warrendale (1991)
Knorr, F., Chmura, T., Schreckenberg, M.: Route choice in the presence of a toll road: the role of pre-trip information and learning. Transp. Res. Part F: Traffic Psychol. Behav. 27A, 44–55 (2014)
Kuo, Y.-J., Seidler, C., Schick, B., Nissing, D.: Workload evaluation of effects of a lane keeping assistance system with physiological and performance measures. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Europe Chap. 2019 Annual Conference (2019)
Large, D.R., Burnett, G., Crundall, E., Skrypchuk, L., Mouzakitis, A.: Evaluating secondary input devices to support an automotive touchscreen HMI: a cross-cultural simulator study conducted in the UK and China. Appl. Ergon. 78, 184–196 (2019)
Lee, J., Abdel-Aty, M., Choi, K., Huang, H.: Multi-level hot zone identification for pedestrian safety. Accid. Anal. Prev. 76, 64–73 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2015.01.006
Li, G., Li, S.E., Cheng, B., Green, P.: Estimation of driving style in naturalistic highway traffic using maneuver transition probabilities. Transp. Res. C Emerg. Technol. 74, 113–125 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2016.11.011
Liu, Y.-C., Wen, M.-H.: Comparison of Head-up Display (HUD) vs Head-down Display (HDD): Driving performance of commercial vehicle operators in Taiwan. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 61(5), 679–697. (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.06.002
Luzuriaga, M., Heras, A., Kunze, O.: Hurting others vs. hurting myself, a dilemma for our autonomous vehicle. Rev. Behav. Econ. 7, 1–30 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1561/105.00000115
Machin, M.A., Sankey, K.S.: Relationships between young drivers’ personality characteristics, risk perceptions, and driving behaviour. Accid. Anal. Prev. 40(2), 541–547 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2007.08.010
McKelvie, S.J., Schamer, L.A.: Effects of night, passengers, and sex on driver be- havior at stop signs. J. Soc. Psychol. 128, 585–590 (1988)
Medenica, Z., Kun, A.L., Paek, T., Palinko, O.: Augmented Reality vs. Street Views: A driving simulator study comparing two emerging navigation aids. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mo- bile Devices and Services (MobileHCI ’11). ACM, New York, pp 265–274 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1145/2037373.2037414
Naranjo, J.E., Gonzalez, C., Garcia, R., de Pedro, T.: Lane-Change Fuzzy Control in Autonomous Vehicles for the Overtaking Maneuver. IEEE Trans. Intell. Trans. Syst. 9(3), 438–450 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2008.922880
Observatorio Cetelem Auto (2016). El coche autónomo. Los conductores, dispuestos a ceder la conducción a la tecnología. Retrieved November 14, 2017 from http://www.elobservatoriocetelem.es/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/observatorio_cetelem_auto_2016.pdf
Oppenlander, J.C.: Variables influencing spot speed characteristics. Highway Research Board, Special Report 89, National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC, United States (1966)
Park, Y.K., Park, D.E.: Evaluation for the usage of HUD contents depending on gender while driving. In SIGGRAPH Asia 2015 head-up displays and their applications. New York, NY, USA (2015). https://doi.org/10.1145/2818406.2835236
Piao, J., McDonald, M., Hounsell, N., Graindorge, M., Graindorge, T., Malhene, N.: Public Views towards Implementation of Automated Vehicles in Urban Areas. Transp. Res. Procedia 14, 2168–2177 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.232
Pilemalm, S., Timpka, T.: Third generation participatory design in HealthInformatics-making user participation applicable to large-scale information system projects. J. Biomed. Inf 41(2), 327–339 (2008)
Pomarjanschi, L., Dorr, M., Barth, E.: Gaze Guidance reduces the number of collisions with pedestrians in a driving simulator. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 1(2012). https://doi.org/10.1145/2070719.2070721
Porter, J.M., Summerskill, S.J., Burnett, G.E., Prynne, K.: BIONIC–“eyesfree” design of secondary driving controls. In: Proc. of the Accessible Design in the Digital World Conference, Dundee, UK (2005)
Roodman, D.M.: Fitting fully observed recursive mixed-process models with cmp. Stata J. 11, 159–206 (2011)
Schoettle, B., Sivak, M.: A Survey of public opinion about autonomous and self-driving vehicles in the U.S., the U.K., and Australia (Report No. UMTRI-2014-21) (2014). Retrieved July 25, 2017 from https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/108384/103024.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Shiftan, Y., Bekhor, S., Albert, G.: Route choice behaviour with pre-trip travel time in- formation IET Intel. Transport Syst. 5(3), 183–189 (2010)
Smith, B.: Managing autonomous transportation demand. Santa Clara Law Rev. 52, 1413 (2013)
Spinuzzi, C.: The methodology of participatory design. Tech. Commun. 52(2), 163–174 (2005)
Tönnis, M., Lange, C., Klinker, G.: Visual longitudinal and lateral driving assistance in the head-up display of cars. In Proceedings of the 2007 6thIEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR ’07). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA, 1–4 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR.2007.4538831
Tractinsky, N., Abdu, R., Forlizzi, J., Seder, T.: Towards personalisation of the driver environment: investigating responses to instrument cluster design. Int. J. Veh. Des. 55(2–4), 208–236 (2011)
Tretten, P. (2011). Information design solutions for automotive displays : focus on HUD (PhD dissertation). Retrieved from http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26558
Van Der Laan, J.D., Heino, A., De Waard, D.: A simple procedure for the assessment of acceptance of advanced transport telematics. Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol. 5(1), 1–10 (1997)
Vassallo, S., Smart, D., Sanson, A., Harrison, W., Harris, A., Cockfield, S., McIntyre, A.: Risky driving among young Australian drivers: Trends, precursors and correlates. Accid. Anal. Preve. 39, 444–458 (2007)
Vaughn, K., Abdel-Aty, M., Kitamura, R., Jovanis, P., Yang, H.: Experimental analysis and modeling of sequential route choice under atis in a simple traffic network. In: Proceedings of the 72nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. Washington DC, USA (1993)
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M.G., Davis, G.B., Davis, F.D.: User acceptance of information technology: toward a unified view. MIS Q. 27(3), 425–478 (2003)
Wang, J., A. Chang, L. Gao. (2017). Binary probit model on drivers route choice behaviors based on multiple factors analysis. In: V. Balas, L.C. Jain, X. Zhao (Eds.), Information technology and intelligent transportation systems, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol. 454, pp. 213–220
Warren, R.A., Simpson, H.M.: Exposure and alcohol as risk factors in the fatal nighttime collisions of men and women drivers. J. Saf. Res. 12, 151–156 (1980)
Wasielewski, P.: Speed as a measure of driver risk: Observed speeds versus driver and vehicle characteristics. Accid. Anal. Prev. 16(2), 89–103 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(84)90034-4
Weintraub, D.J., Haines, R.F., Randle, R.J.: The utility of head-up displays: eye-focus vs decision times. Proc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annu Meet 28(6), 529–533 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1177/154193128402800617
Weintraub, D.J., Haines, R.F., Randle, R.J.: Head-Up Display(HUD) Utility, II: Runway to HUD transitions monitoring eye focus and decision times. Proc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annu Meet 29(6), 615–619 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1177/154193128502900621
Young, K.L., Rudin-Brown, C.M., Lenné, M.G., Williamson, A.R.: The implications of cross-regional differences for the design of In-vehicle Information Systems: a comparison of Australian and Chinese drivers. Appl. Ergon. 43(3), 564–573 (2012)
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the Adrive Living Lab Staff for their assistance in implementing the experiment. In particular, we thank Yu-Jeng Kuo, Kevin Schuler and Niklas Strobel for their valuable comments. I personally want to thank my two sons, Pablo Luzuriaga-Hagel and Miguel Luzuriaga Ticius who always make me feel motivated.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Luzuriaga, M., Aydogdu, S. & Schick, B. Boosting Advanced Driving Information: a Real-world Experiment About the Effect of HUD on HMI, Driving Effort, and Safety. Int. J. ITS Res. 20, 181–191 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13177-021-00277-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13177-021-00277-y