Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

IIR Filter Architectures with Truncation Error Feedback for ECG Signal Processing

  • Published:
Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This work proposes fixed-point hardware architectures for two IIR filters, focusing on design specifications for ECG signal processing, using the truncation error feedback (TEF) to attenuate errors caused by truncation operations inside these recursive structures. The TEF is represented by modulo operation followed by a unit-delay operator and multiplication by a coefficient. In this work, the proposed TEF core consists of a hardware structure based on delay, right-shift and modulo operations. The TEF approach is applied to sequential and parallel IIR filter architectures with fixed and adaptive coefficients. The first structure comprises a first-order high-pass filter applied to attenuate low frequencies of the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. The second one is a second-order infinite impulse response (IIR) adaptive notch filter used to attenuate power line interference signals. All dedicated architectures were described and simulated using VHDL and synthesized in Cadence environment using the 45 nm Nangate Open Cell Library to verify the results of the area, delay and power metrics. A simulated ECG signal was used as input to check the functionality of the filters. Our results indicate that the TEF approach was useful for both high-pass filter (HPF) and adaptive notch filter (ANF), and it can be a significant strategy to meet design specifications and dynamic performance of fixed-point digital filters. For the synthesis analysis, both HPF and ANF sequential filters had lower power and cell area figures but presented higher normalized power per sample and delay. In summation, the TEF approach enabled the use of fixed-point filters for ECG filtering without degrading their dynamic performance or increasing noise caused by truncation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. L. Aksoy, E.A.C. Costa, P. Flores, J. Monteiro, Multiple tunable constant multiplications: algorithms and applications, in IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, 2012 (IEEE, 2012), pp. 473–479

  2. L. Aksoy, E.A.C. Costa, P. Flores, J.C. Monteiro, Finding the optimal tradeoff between area and delay in multiple constant multiplications. Microprocess. Microsyst. 35(8), 729–741 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. B. Bomar, Finite wordlength effects, in The Digital Signal Processing Handbook, Chapter 3, ed. by Vijay K. Madisetti (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1998), pp. 3-1–3-18

    Google Scholar 

  4. Cadence Design Systems, Inc. Cadence Encounter RTL Compiler v. 8.10 (2016)

  5. J. Carr, J. Brown, Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Technology, Chapter 8 (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 2000), pp. 197–233

    Google Scholar 

  6. J. Dattorro, The implementation of recursive digital filters for high-fidelity audio. J. Audio Eng. Soc. 36(11), 851–878 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  7. K. Gaikwad, M. Chavan, Design and implementation of digital Butterworth IIR filter using Xilinx system generator for noise reduction in ECG signal. Int. J. Signal Process. 2, 86–90 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  8. S. Gawande, S. Bhujbal, High speed IIR notch filter using pipelined technique. Int. J. Adv. Res. Electr. Electron. Instrum. Eng. 6, 501–508 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  9. D. Grover, J. Deller Jr., Digital Signal Processing and the Microcontroller, Chapter 7 (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1998)

    Google Scholar 

  10. W. Higgins, D. Munson, Noise reduction strategies for digital filters: error spectrum shaping versus the optimal linear state-space formulation. IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process. 30(6), 963–973 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Hinamoto T, A. Doi, W.-S. Lu, Roundoff noise minimization in state-space discrete-time systems using joint optimization of high-order error feedback and realization. IEEE Trans. Circuits and Syst. I Regul. Pap. 61(12), 3460–3468 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. T.I. Laakso, I.O. Hartimo, Noise reduction in recursive digital filters using high-order error feedback. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 40(5), 1096–1107 (1992)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. T.I. Laakso, J. Ranta, S.J. Ovaska, Design and implementation of efficient IIR notch filters with quantization error feedback. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 43(3), 449–456 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. NanGate, Inc. Nangate 45 nm Open Cell Library (2008)

  15. S. Ohno, Y. Wakasa, M. Nagata, Optimal error feedback filters for uniform quantizers at remote sensors, in 2015 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) (IEEE, 2015), pp. 3866–3870

  16. G. Ott, E. Costa, S. Almeida, M. Fonseca, Exploiting architectural solutions for IIR filter architecture with truncation error feedback, in 2016 IEEE 7th Latin American Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS) (IEEE, 2016), pp. 375–378

  17. D. Prutchi, M. Norris, Design and Development of Medical Electronic Instrumentation: A Practical Perspective of the Design, Construction, and Test of Medical Devices, Chapter 2 (Wiley, New York, 2005), pp. 41–96

    Book  Google Scholar 

  18. A. Rahmatillah, Ataulkarim, IIR digital filter design for powerline noise cancellation of ECG signal using Arduino platform. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 853, 1–9 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. N. Singhi, S. Ayub, P. Saini, Design of digital IIR filter for noise reduction in ECG signal, in 2013 5th International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (IEEE, 2013), pp. 171–176

  20. L. Tan, J. Jiang, Digital Signal Processing: Fundamentals and Applications (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2007)

    Google Scholar 

  21. X. Tan, H. Zhang, A novel adaptive IIR notch filter for frequency estimation and tracking, in 2010 3rd IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (ICCSIT), vol. 5 (IEEE, 2010), pp. 259–263

  22. R. Tarik, S. Ohno, M. Nagahara, Synthesis of IIR error feedback filters for modulators using approximation, in 2016 Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA) (IEEE, 2016), pp. 1–5

  23. M. Tavares, Development of an ECG and cardiac variability monitor for use in operating room and ICU. Technical report, Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Catholic University of Pelotas. FAPERGS (2003) (Unpublished)

  24. N.M. Verulkar, P.H. Zope, S.R. Suralkar, Filtering techniques for reduction of power line interference in electrocardiogram signals. Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. 1, 1–7 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Y. Voronenko, M. Püschel, Multiplierless multiple constant multiplication. ACM Trans. Algorithms (TALG) 3(2), 1–38 (2007)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  26. Z. Wang, C.-W. Pan, Y. Song, C. Sechen, High-throughput digital IIR filter design. J. Algorithms Optim. 2, 15–27 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  27. J. Zhou, G. Li, Plain gradient based direct frequency estimation using second-order constrained adaptive IIR notch filter. Electron. Lett. 40(5), 351–352 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate Program on Electronic Engineering and Computing, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas, Brazil

    Gustavo Ott, Eduardo A. C. Costa & Sérgio J. M. Almeida

  2. Engineering Center, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Brazil

    Mateus B. Fonseca

Authors
  1. Gustavo Ott
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Eduardo A. C. Costa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sérgio J. M. Almeida
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mateus B. Fonseca
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mateus B. Fonseca.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ott, G., Costa, E.A.C., Almeida, S.J.M. et al. IIR Filter Architectures with Truncation Error Feedback for ECG Signal Processing. Circuits Syst Signal Process 38, 329–355 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-018-0860-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-018-0860-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation