Abstract
Visual appearance is an important quality factor of pharmaceutical tablets. Moreover, it plays a key role in identification of tablets, which is needed to prevent mix-ups among various types of tablets. Since identification of tablets is most frequently done by imprints, good imprint quality, a property that makes the imprint readable, is of utmost importance in preventing mix-ups among the tablets. In this paper, we propose a novel method for automated visual inspection of tablets. Besides defect detection, imprint quality inspection is also considered. Performance of the method was evaluated on three different real tablet image databases of imprinted tablets. A “gold standard” was established by manually classifying tablets into a good and a defective class. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis indicated that the proposed method yields better sensitivity and specificity than the previous defect detection method.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Berman A.: Reducing medication errors through naming, labeling, and packaging. J. Med. Syst. 28, 9–29 (2004)
FDA.: FDA 21CFR206, Imprinting of solid oral dosage form drug products for human use. (2009, Revised)
Newman T.S., Jain A.K.: A survey of automated visual inspection. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 61, 231–262 (1995)
Malamas E.N., Petrakis E.G.M., Zervakis M., Petit L., Legat J.D.: A survey on industrial vision systems, applications and tools. Image Vis. Comput. 21, 171–188 (2003)
Golnabi H., Asadpour A.: Design and application of industrial machine vision systems. Robot. Cim. Int. Manuf. 23, 630–637 (2007)
Derganc J., Likar B., Bernard R., Tomaževič D., Pernuš F.: Real-time automated visual inspection of color tablets in pharmaceutical blisters. Real Time Imaging 9, 113–124 (2003)
Možina M., Tomaževič D., Pernuš F., Likar B.: Real-time image segmentation for visual inspection of pharmaceutical tablets. Mach. Vis. Appl. 22, 145–156 (2009)
Špiclin Ž., Bukovec M., Pernuš F., Likar B.: Image registration for visual inspection of imprinted pharmaceutical tablets. Mach. Vis. Appl. 22, 197–206 (2007)
Bukovec M., Špiclin Ž., Pernuš F., Likar B.: Automated visual inspection of imprinted pharmaceutical tablets. Meas. Sci. Tech. 18, 2921–2930 (2007)
Jolliffe I.: Principal Component Analysis. Springer, New York (1986)
Fawcett T.: An introduction to ROC analysis. Pattern Recognit. Lett. 27, 861–874 (2006)
Manevitz L.M., Yousef M.: One-class SVMs for document classification. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 2, 139–154 (2001)
Tax, D.M.J., Müller, K.R.: Feature extraction for one-class classification. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Artificial Neural Networks and Neural Information Processing—ICANN/ ICONIP 2003. Springer, Berlin (2003)
Hodge V.J., Austin J.: A survey of outlier detection methodologies. Artif. Intell. Rev. 22, 85–126 (2004)
Leonardis A., Bischof H.: Robust recognition using eigenimages. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 78, 99–118 (2000)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Možina, M., Tomaževič, D., Pernuš, F. et al. Automated visual inspection of imprint quality of pharmaceutical tablets. Machine Vision and Applications 24, 63–73 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00138-011-0366-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00138-011-0366-4