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Zur Repräsentation systematischer Ähnlichkeiten zwischen analogen Problemen nach zielgerichteten Elaborationen

Representation of systematic similarities between analogue problems after goal-oriented elaboration

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Kognitionswissenschaft

Summary

When people use familiar solutions to help solve new problems, the analogies are presumably chosen according to their similarity with the target problem. This study investigates which attributes and relations determine the subjective similarities that are established in the course of an analogical problem solving process. A total of 140 persons participated in an experiment in which ten problem describing texts were presented. Many different features on several abstraction levels were systematically varied between the texts. Each subject was instructed to study and elaborate intensively nine solved source problems and one unsolved target problem. All persons were asked twice to assess the utility of each of their source problems for solving their target problem. On the basis of Tversky’s similarity models and cluster analyses, it was shown that surface features no longer played an important role in the elaborative phase induced in this study. Instead, deeper structural features, and with them, functional features relevant to solving the problem, were used. Goodness-of-fit values for different theoretical similarity coefficients indicate that not only common but also distinct and target-specific features are important.

Zusammenfassung

Wenn Personen bei der Bearbeitung eines Problems auf bekannte Lösungen anderer Probleme zurückgreifen, werden diese Analogien vermutlich aufgrund ihrer Ähnlichkeit mit dem zu lösenden Zielproblem ausgewählt. In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, auf welche Merkmale und Relationen sich die subjektiven Ähnlichkeiten zurückführen lassen, die im Verlauf eines analogen Problemlöseprozesses zum Tragen kommen. Dazu wurden 140 Probanden jeweils neun gelöste Quellprobleme und ein ungelöstes Zielproblem prä sentiert. Merkmale undÄhnlichkeit dieser Problemtexte waren auf verschiedenen Abstraktionsebenen systematisch variiert worden. Die Probanden sollten die Probleme intensiv studieren und elaborieren und die Nützlichkeit der Quellprobleme für die Lösung des Zielproblems beurteilen. Auf der Grundlage der von Tversky entwickelten Ähnlichkeitsmodelle und Clusteranalysen konnte gezeigt werden, daß in den hier untersuchten Stadien des analogen Problemlösens lösungsirrelevante Merkmale der Oberfläche keine Rolle mehr spielen, wohl aber lösungsrelevante Merkmale der Tiefenstruktur sowie mit ihnen zusammenhängende zielrelevante funktionelle Merkmale. Ein Vergleich der Anpassungsgüte verschiedener theoretischer Ähnlichkeitskoeffizienten zeigt, daß dabei nicht nur gemeinsame, sondern auch differenzierende und zielproblemspezifische Merkmale wichtig sind.

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Die vorliegende Untersuchung wurde im Rahmen eines von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft F.W. Hesse und R. Westermann (He 1305/2-1) gewährten Forschungsvorhabens mit dem Titel „Ermittlung und Repräsentation von Ähnlichkeit beim analogen Problemlösen” durchgeführt.

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Westermann, R., Hesse, F.W., Kauer, G. et al. Zur Repräsentation systematischer Ähnlichkeiten zwischen analogen Problemen nach zielgerichteten Elaborationen. Kognit. Wiss. 6, 101–114 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/s001970050034

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s001970050034

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