Abstract
In this paper, a new approach for the importance sampling of products from a complex high dynamic range (HDR) environment map and measured bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) data using spherical radial basis functions (SRBFs) is presented. In the pre-process, a complex HDR environment map and measured BRDF data are transformed into a scattered SRBF representation by using a non-uniform and non-negative SRBF fitting algorithm. An initial guess is determined for the fitting operation. In the run-time rendering process, after the product of the two SRBFs is evaluated, this is used to guide the number of samples. The sampling is done by mixing samples from the various “product” SRBFs using multiple importance sampling. Hence, the proposed approach efficiently renders images with multiple HDR environment maps and measured BRDFs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agarwal, S., Ramamoorthi, R., Belongie, S., Jensen, H.W.: Structured importance sampling of environment maps. ACM Trans. Graph. 22(3), 605–612 (2003)
Burke, D., Ghosh, A., Heidrich, W.: Bidirectional importance sampling for direct illumination. In: Proceedings of Eurographics Symposium on Rendering, pp. 147–156. Eurographics Association, Konstanz (2005)
Clarberg, P., Jarosz, W., Akenine-Möller, T., Jenson, H.W.: Wavelet importance sampling: efficiently evaluating products of complex functions. ACM Trans. Graph. 24(3), 1166–1175 (2005)
Claustres, L., Paulin, M., Boucher, Y.: BRDF measurement modeling using wavelets for efficient path tracing. Comput. Graph. Forum 22(4), 701–716 (2003)
Cline, D., Egbert, P.K., Talbot, J.F., Cardon, D.L.: Two stage importance sampling for direct lighting. In: Proceedings of Eurographics Symposium on Rendering, pp. 103–113. Eurographics Association, Nicosia, Cyprus (2006)
Cohen, J., Debevec, P.: LightGen, HDRShop plugin, 2001
Freeden, W., Gervens, T., Schreiner, M.: Constructive Approximation on the Sphere. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1998)
Ghosh, A., Doucet, A., Heidrich, W.: Sequential sampling for dynamic environment map illumination. In: Proceedings of Eurographics Symposium on Rendering, pp. 115–126. Eurographics Association, Nicosia, Cyprus (2006)
Ghosh, A., Heidrich, W.: Correlated visibility sampling for direct illumination. Visual Comput. 22(9–11), 693–701 (2006)
Kajiya, J.T.: The rendering equation. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 86, pp. 143–150. ACM Press, Dallas, TX (1986)
Kollig, T., Keller, A.: Efficient illumination by high dynamic range images. In: Proceedings of Eurographics Symposium on Rendering, pp. 45–50. Eurographics Association, Leuven, Belgium (2003)
Lafortune, E.P., Foo, S.C., Torrance, K.E., Greenberg, D.P.: Non-linear approximation of reflectance functions. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 97, pp. 117–126. ACM Press, Los Angeles, CA (1997)
Lafortune, E.P., Willems, Y.D.: Using the modified Phong reflectance model for physically based rendering. Technical Report RP-CW-197. Department of Computing Science, K.U. Leuven (1994)
Lalonde, P.: Representations and uses of light distribution functions. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia (1997)
Lawrence, J., Rusinkiewicz, S., Ramamoorthi, R.: Efficient BRDF importance sampling using a factored representation. ACM Trans. Graph. 23(3), 496–505 (2004)
McCool, M.D., Harwood, P.K.: Probability trees. In: Proceedings of Graphics Interface ’97, pp. 37–46. Canadian Information Processing Society, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada (1997)
Matusik, W., Pfister, H., Brand, M., McMillan, L.: A data-driven reflectance model. ACM Trans. Graph. 22(3), 759–769 (2003)
Narcowich, F.J., Ward, J.D.: Nonstationary wavelets on the m-sphere for scattered data. Appl. Comput. Harmonic Anal. 3(4), 324–336 (1996)
Ng, R., Ramamoorthi, R., Hanrahan, P.: All-frequency shadows using non-linear wavelet lighting approximation. ACM Trans. Graph. 22(3), 376–381 (2003)
Ostromoukhov, V., Donohue, C., Jodoin, P.M.: Fast hierarchical importance sampling with blue noise properties. ACM Trans. Graph. 23(3), 488–495 (2004)
Ramamoorthi, R., Hanrahan, P.: An efficient representation for irradiance environment maps. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 01, pp. 497–500. ACM Press, Los Angeles, CA (2001)
Ramamoorthi, R., Hanrahan, P.: Frequency space environment map rendering. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 02, pp. 517–526. ACM Press, San Antonio, TX (2002)
Rusinkiewicz, S.M.: A new change of variables for efficient BRDF representation. In: Proceedings of Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, pp. 11–22. Eurographics Association, Vienna (1998)
Shirley, P.S.: Physically based lighting calculations for computer graphics. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1991)
Sloan, P., Kautz, J., Snyder, J.: Precomputed radiance transfer for real-time rendering in dynamic, low-frequency environments. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 02, pp. 527–536. ACM Press, San Antonio, TX (2002)
Subr, K., Arvo, J.: Steerable stratified importance sampling. In: Proceedings of IEEE/EG Symposium on Interactive Ray Tracing, pp. 133–140. IEEE, Ulm University (2007)
Talbot, J.F., Cline, D., Egbert, P.: Importance resampling for global illumination. In: Proceedings of Eurographics Symposium on Rendering, pp. 139–146. Eurographics Association, Konstanz (2005)
Tsai, Y.T., Shih, Z.C.: All-frequency precomputed radiance transfer using spherical radial basis functions and clustered tensor approximation. ACM Trans. Graph. 25(3), 967–976 (2006)
Veach, E.: Robust Monte Carlo methods for light transport Simulation. Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University (1997)
Veach, E., Guibas, L.: Optimally combining sampling techniques for Monte Carlo rendering. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 95, pp. 419–428. ACM Press, Los Angeles, CA (1995)
Ward, G.J.: Measuring and modeling anisotropic reflection. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 92, pp. 265–272. ACM Press, Chicago, IL (1992)
Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B: Fortran subroutines for large scale bound-constrained optimization. ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 23(4), 550–560 (1997)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tsai, YT., Chang, CC., Jiang, QZ. et al. Importance sampling of products from illumination and BRDF using spherical radial basis functions. Visual Comput 24, 817–826 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-008-0263-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-008-0263-7