Abstract
With the popularity of internet technology, thousands of new images with multiple labels appear on the web every day. For a large number of images updated daily on the websites, it is of ever-increasing importance to classify these new multi-label images online in real time. Accordingly, this paper presents an incremental shared subspace learning method for multi-label image classification. With the incremental lossless matrix factorization, the proposed algorithm can be incrementally performed without using original existing input data, thus high computational complexity involved in extracting the shared subspace can be avoided. Several publicly available multi-label image datasets are used to evaluate the proposed method. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach is much more efficient than the non-incremental methods without decreasing the classification performance.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Hu, S.M., Chen, T., Xu, K., Cheng, M.M., Martin, R.R.: Internet visual media processing: a survey with graphics and vision applications. Vis. Comput. 29(5), 393–405 (2013)
Tsoumakas, G., Katakis, I.: Multi-label classification: an overview. Int. J. Data Wareh. Min. 3(3), 1–13 (2007)
Zha, Z.J., Hua, X.S., Mei, T., Wang, J., Qi, G.J., Wang, Z.: Joint multi-label multi-instance learning for image classification. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 1–8 (2008)
Chen, X., Yuan, X.T., Chen, Q., Yan, S., Chua, T.S.: Multi-label visual classification with label exclusive context. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 834–841 (2011)
Pang, Y., Ma, Z., Yuan, Y., Li, X., Wang, K.: Multimodal learning for multi-label image classification. In: IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, pp. 1797–1800 (2011)
Zhang, X., Cheng, J., Xu, C., Lu, H., Ma, S.: Multi-view multi-label active learning for image classification. In: IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, pp. 1797–1800 (2011)
Everingham, M., Van Gool, L., Williams, C., Winn, J., Zisserman, A.: The PASCAL visual object classes, Challenge 2007 (VOC2007)
Huiskes, M.J., Lew, M.S.: Multi-view multi-label active learning for image classification. ACM International Conference on Multimedia Information Retrieval, pp. 39–43 (2008)
Guillaumin, M., Verbeek, J., Schmid, C.: Multiple instance metric learning from automatically labeled bags of faces. European conference on Computer Vision, pp. 634–647 (2010)
Boutell, M.R., Luo, J., Shen, X., Brown, C.M.: Learning multi-label scene classification. Pattern Recognit. 37(9), 1757–1771 (2004)
Ji, S., Tang, L., Yu, S., Ye, J.: Extracting shared subspace for multi-label classification. In: Proceeding of the 14th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 381–389 (2008)
Ji, S., Tang, L., Yu, S., Ye, J.: A shared-subspace learning framework for multi-label classification. ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data 4(2), 8 (2010)
Ueda, N., Saito, K.: Parametric mixture models for multi-labeled text. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 721C728, (2002)
Hotelling, H.: Relations between two sets of variates, 28(3/4), 321–377 (1936) Biometrika
Mardia, K.V., Kent, J.T., Bibby, J.M.: Multivariate analysis. Academic Press (1979)
Haenlein, M., Kaplan, A.M.: A beginner’s guide to partial least squares analysis. Underst. Stat. 3(4), 283–297 (2004)
Arenas-García, J., Petersen, K.B., Hansen, L.K.: Sparse kernel orthonormalized PLS for feature extraction in large data sets. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 19, 33–40 (2007)
Yang, F., Li, B.: Unsupervised learning of spatial structures shared among images. Vis. Comput. 28(2), 175–180 (2012)
Vázquez, P.P., Marco, J.: Using normalized compression distance for image similarity measurement: an experimental study. Vis. Comput. 28(11), 1063–1084 (2012)
Ando, R.K., Zhang, T.: A framework for learning predictive structures from multiple tasks and unlabeled data. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 6(2), 1817–1853 (2005)
Chen, G., Deng, Q., Szymczak, A., Laramee, R.S., Zhang, E.: Morse Set Classification and Hierarchical Refinement Using Conley Index. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 18(5), 767–782 (2012)
Golub, G.H., Van Loan, C.F.: Matrix Computations. The Johns Hopkins University Press (1996)
Zha, H., Simon, H.D.: On updating problems in latent semantic indexing. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 21(2), 782–791 (1999)
Zhao, H.T., Yuen, P.C., Kwok, J.: A novel incremental principal component analysis and its application for face recognition. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 36(4), 873–886 (2006)
Hoerl, A., Kennard, R.: Ridge regression: biased estimation for nonorthogonal problems. Technometrics 12(3), 55–67 (1970)
Hoerl, A.E.: Application of ridge analysis to regression problems. Chem. Eng. Progr. 58(3), 54–59 (1962)
Burges, C.J.C.: A tutorial on support vector machines for pattern recognition. Data Min. Knowl. Dis. 2(2), 121–167 (1998)
Hsu, C.W., Lin, C.J.: Comparison of methods for multiclass support vector machines. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 13(2), 415–425 (2002)
Joachims, T.: Transductive inference for text classification using support vector machines. In: Proceedings of the 1999 International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 200–209 (1999)
Zhang, L., Zhao, Y., Zhu, Z.: Incremental shared subspace learning for multi-label classification. In: The Computational Visual Media 2012, LNCS 7633 Proceedings, 138 (2012)
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by 973 Program (No. 2012CB316400), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61025013, No. 61172129), PCSIRT (No. 201206), NCET (No. 13-0661, No. 4112043) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2012JBZ012).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, L., Zhao, Y. & Zhu, Z. Extracting shared subspace incrementally for multi-label image classification. Vis Comput 30, 1359–1371 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-013-0891-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-013-0891-4