Abstract
In discriminative tracking, lots of tracking methods easily suffer from changes of pose, illumination and occlusion. To deal with this problem, we propose a novel object tracking method using structural sparse representation-based semi-supervised learning and edge detection. First, the object appearance model is constructed by extracting sparse code features on different layers to exploit local information and holistic information. To utilize unlabelled samples information, the semi-supervised learning is introduced and a classifier is trained which is used to measure candidates. In addition, an auxiliary positive sample set is maintained to improve the performance of the classifier. We subsequently adopt an edge detection to alleviate the error accumulation based on the ranking results from the learned classifier. Finally, the proposed method is implemented under the Bayesian inference framework. Both the proposed tracker and several current trackers are tested on some challenging videos, where the target objects undergo pose change, illumination and occlusion. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed tracker outperforms the other state-of-the-art methods in terms of effectiveness and robustness.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adam, A., Rivlin, E., Shimshoni, I.: Robust fragments-based tracking using the integral histogram. Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. 1, 798–805 (2006)
Avidan, S.: Support vector tracking. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 26(8), 1064–1072 (2004)
Babenko, B., Yang, M.H., Belongie, S.: Robust object tracking with online multiple instance learning. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 33(8), 1619–1632 (2011)
Bai, Y., Tang, M.: Robust tracking via weakly supervised ranking svm. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 1854–1861 (2012)
Belkin, M., Niyogi, P., Sindhwani, V.: Manifold regularization: a geometric framework for learning from labeled and unlabeled examples. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 7, 2399–2434 (2006)
Dollár, P., Zitnick, C.L.: Structured forests for fast edge detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision (ICCV), pp. 1841–1848 (2013)
Gao, J., Xing, J., Hu, W., Zhang, X.: Graph embedding based semi-supervised discriminative tracker. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision workshops (ICCVW), pp. 145–152 (2013)
Grabner, H., Grabner, M., Bischof, H.: Real-time tracking via on-line boosting. Br. Mach. Vis. Conf. (BMVC) 1, 47–56 (2006)
Grabner, H., Leistner, C., Bischof, H.: Semi-supervised on-line boosting for robust tracking. In: Computer vision–ECCV 2008, pp. 234–247. Springer (2008)
Hare, S., Saffari, A., Torr, P.H.: Struck: Structured output tracking with kernels. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision (ICCV), pp. 263–270 (2011)
Hong, Z., Mei, X., Prokhorov, D., Tao, D.: Tracking via robust multi-task multi-view joint sparse representation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision (ICCV), pp. 649–656 (2013)
Jia, X., Lu, H., Yang, M.H.: Visual tracking via adaptive structural local sparse appearance model. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 1822–1829 (2012)
Jiang, N., Liu, W., Wu, Y.: Learning adaptive metric for robust visual tracking. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 20(8), 2288–2300 (2011)
Kalal, Z., Matas, J., Mikolajczyk, K.: P-n learning: bootstrapping binary classifiers by structural constraints. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 49–56 (2010)
Khanloo, B.Y.S., Stefanus, F., Ranjbar, M., Li, Z.N., Saunier, N., Sayed, T., Mori, G.: A large margin framework for single camera offline tracking with hybrid cues. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 116(6), 676–689 (2012)
Kwon, J., Lee, K.M.: Visual tracking decomposition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 1269–1276 (2010)
Leichter, I., Lindenbaum, M., Rivlin, E.: Tracking by affine kernel transformations using color and boundary cues. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 31(1), 164–171 (2009)
Li, H., Shen, C., Shi, Q.: Real-time visual tracking using compressive sensing. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 1305–1312 (2011)
Li, X., Hu, W., Shen, C., Zhang, Z., Dick, A., Hengel, A.V.D.: A survey of appearance models in visual object tracking. ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol. (TIST) 4(4), 58 (2013)
Li, Z., He, S., Hashem, M.: Robust object tracking via multi-feature adaptive fusion based on stability: contrast analysis. Vis. Comput. 31(10), 1319–1337 (2015)
Lin, L., Lu, Y., Pan, Y., Chen, X.: Integrating graph partitioning and matching for trajectory analysis in video surveillance. Image Process. IEEE Trans. 21(12), 4844–4857 (2012)
Liu, B., Huang, J., Yang, L., Kulikowsk, C.: Robust tracking using local sparse appearance model and k-selection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 1313–1320 (2011)
Liu, X., Lin, L., Yan, S., Jin, H., Jiang, W.: Adaptive object tracking by learning hybrid template online. Circ. Syst. Video Technol. IEEE Trans. 21(11), 1588–1599 (2011)
Mei, X., Ling, H.: Robust visual tracking and vehicle classification via sparse representation. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 33(11), 2259–2272 (2011)
Ning, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, D., Wu, C.: Robust object tracking using joint color-texture histogram. Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell. 23(07), 1245–1263 (2009)
Paragios, N., Deriche, R.: Geodesic active contours and level sets for the detection and tracking of moving objects. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 22(3), 266–280 (2000)
Rantalankila, P., Kannala, J., Rahtu, E.: Generating object segmentation proposals using global and local search. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 2417–2424 (2014)
Ross, D.A., Lim, J., Lin, R.S., Yang, M.H.: Incremental learning for robust visual tracking. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 77(1–3), 125–141 (2008)
Supancic, J.S., Ramanan, D.: Self-paced learning for long-term tracking. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 2379–2386 (2013)
Tsagkatakis, G., Savakis, A.: Online distance metric learning for object tracking. IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. Video Technol. 21(12), 1810–1821 (2011)
Uijlings, J.R., van de Sande, K.E., Gevers, T., Smeulders, A.W.: Selective search for object recognition. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 104(2), 154–171 (2013)
Vaswani, N., Rathi, Y., Yezzi, A., Tannenbaum, A.: Deform pf-mt: particle filter with mode tracker for tracking nonaffine contour deformations. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 19(4), 841–857 (2010)
Wang, D., Lu, H., Yang, M.H.: Least soft-threshold squares tracking. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 2371–2378 (2013)
Wu, Y., Jia, N., Sun, J.: Real-time multi-scale tracking based on compressive sensing. Vis. Comput. 31(4), 471–484 (2015)
Wu, Y., Lim, J., Yang, M.H.: Online object tracking: A benchmark. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 2411–2418 (2013)
Wu, Y., Ma, B., Yang, M., Zhang, J., Jia, Y.: Metric learning based structural appearance model for robust visual tracking. IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. Video Technol. 24(5), 865–877 (2014)
Zeisl, B., Leistner, C., Saffari, A., Bischof, H.: On-line semi-supervised multiple-instance boosting. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 1879–1879 (2010)
Zha, Y., Yang, Y., Bi, D.: Graph-based transductive learning for robust visual tracking. Pattern Recognit. 43(1), 187–196 (2010)
Zhan, J., Su, Z., Wu, H., Luo, X.: Robust tracking via discriminative sparse feature selection. Vis. Comput. 31(5), 575–588 (2014)
Zhang, K., Zhang, L., Yang, M.H.: Fast compressive tracking. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 36(10), 2002–2015 (2014)
Zhang, T., Liu, S., Xu, C., Yan, S., Ghanem, B., Ahuja, N., Yang, M.H.: Structural sparse tracking. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 150–158 (2015)
Zhang, Z., Wong, K.H.: Pyramid-based visual tracking using sparsity represented mean transform. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR), pp. 1226–1233 (2014)
Zhong, W., Lu, H., Yang, M.H.: Robust object tracking via sparse collaborative appearance model. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 23(5), 2356–2368 (2014)
Zhuang, B., Lu, H., Xiao, Z., Wang, D.: Visual tracking via discriminative sparse similarity map. Image Process. IEEE Trans. 23(4), 1872–1881 (2014)
Zitnick, C.L., Dollár, P.: Edge boxes: locating object proposals from edges. In: Computer vision–ECCV 2014, pp. 391–405. Springer (2014)
Acknowledgments
This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61175096, No. 61300082), Specialized Fund for Joint Building Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission, and Liaoning Natural Science Foundation (2015020015). The authors would like to thank the anonymous editor and reviewers who gave valuable suggestions that have helped to improve the quality of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhao, L., Zhao, Q., Liu, H. et al. Structural sparse representation-based semi-supervised learning and edge detection proposal for visual tracking. Vis Comput 33, 1169–1184 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-016-1279-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-016-1279-z