Abstract
Novel, networked information-rich control systems are emerging to provide a stable and cost-efficient operation of future electricity distribution grids. However, the dependence on fault-prone, low-cost, and heterogeneous network technologies and architectures challenges the grid control quality. In this work, we study the impact of varying network QoS for M2M connectivity on the low voltage grid operation in an electrical vehicle charging scenario. The analyzed charging control system relies on: (a) grid power sensing using smart meters via high latency power line communication and, (b) charging point actuation commands disseminated via unreliable wireless links (IEEE 802.11). Based on emulation results, we quantify the maximum acceptable meter reading delay from network transmission that sufficiently minimizes load prediction error. Further, based on the introduction of a timed reliable communication protocol, it is shown how changing the trade-off in QoS parameters of delay, loss and information inconsistency can be applied to overcome degradation of controller performance.
Zusammenfassung
IKT-Technologie wird in immer höherem Maße in elektrischen Netzen für das Monitoring der Netzqualität und für die Steuerung der verteilten erneuerbaren Energieressourcen eingesetzt. Die bis zum Kunden reichende Telekommunikationsinfrastruktur hat aus Kostengründen unterschiedliche Qualität, was zu Unterbrechungen mit Informationsverlust und hoher Latenzzeit führt. In dieser Arbeit wird der Einfluss der M2M-Netzverbindungen auf die Qualität des Niederspanungsnetzes im Allgemeinen und auf den Betrieb von Ladestationen für Elektroautos im Speziellen untersucht. Die analysierten Kommunikationsnetze verbinden die Smart Meter der Haushalte über langsame Powerline Communication und die Ladepunkte mit der Ladestation über WLAN. Untersucht werden die maximal akzeptable Verzögerung beim Lesen der Smart Meter und die Konsequenzen für die Verbrauchsprognose. Die simulierten Effekte von Datenverlusten bei der Übertragung von Ladebefehlen können durch den Einsatz eines zuverlässigeren Protokolls teilweise ausgeglichen werden.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Commision for Energy Regulation (2011): Electricity smart metering technology trials findings report. Information paper, 16 May 2011.
Groenbaek, J., Bessler, S., Sitter, H. (2013): Available power calculation in the LV grid and its use for energy balancing. In PowerTech’13, 16–20 June, Grenoble, France.
Groenbaek, J., Bessler, S., Schneider, C. (2013): Controlling EV charging and PV generation in a low voltage grid. In 22nd international conference on electricity distribution (CIRED), Stockholm, 10–13 June 2013.
Hespanha, J. P., Naghshtabrizi, P., Xu, Y. (2007): A survey of recent results in networked control systems. Proc. IEEE, 95(1), 138–162.
Raab, A. F., Ferdowsi, M., Karfopoulos, E., Grau Unda, I., Skarvelis-Kazakos, S., Papadopoulos, P., Abbasi, E., et al. (2011): Virtual power plant control concepts with electric vehicles. In 16th international conference on intelligent system application to power systems (ISAP) (pp. 1–6). New York: IEEE Press.
SmartC2Net project website. Online: http://www.smartc2net.eu/. Last access on 11.09.2013.
Sundström, O., Binding, C. (2012): Flexible charging optimization for electrical vehicles considering distribution grid constraints. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid. 3(1). March 2012.
Malinowsky, B., Gronbaek, J., Schwefel, H. P., Ceccarelli, A., Bondavalli, A., Nett, E. (2012): Timed broadcast via off-the-shelf WLAN distributed coordination function for safety-critical systems. In 9th European dependable computing conference (EDCC) (pp. 144–155). New York: IEEE Press.
Nilsson, J. (1998): Real-time control systems with delays. Doctoral dissertation, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Automatic Control, Lund Institute of Technology.
IEEE Std. 1646-2004 (2005): IEEE standard communication delivery time performance requirements for electric power substation automation, S 1–24. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2005.95748.
Acknowledgements
This work has been performed in the framework of the EU FP7 SmartC2Net, Grant no. FP7-ICT-318023 which is funded by the European Union and the COMET project MELONET. The Telecommunications Research Center Vienna (FTW) is supported by the Austrian Government and by the City of Vienna within the competence center program COMET.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grønbæk, J., Bessler, S. Impact and control of network QoS on smart grid controlled electrical vehicle charging. Elektrotech. Inftech. 131, 14–20 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00502-013-0190-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00502-013-0190-9