Abstract
Social Media (SM) have been established as multifunctional networking tools that tend to offer an increasingly wider variety of services, making it difficult to determine their core purpose and mission, therefore, their type. This paper assesses this evolution of Social Media Types (SMTs), presents, and evaluates a novel hypothesis-based data driven methodology for analyzing Social Media Platforms (SMPs) and categorizing SMTs. We review and update literature regarding the categorization of SMPs, based on their services. We develop a methodology to propose and evaluate a new taxonomy, comprising: (i) the hypothesis that the number of SMTs is smaller than what current literature suggests, (ii) observations on data regarding SM usage and (iii) experimentation using association rules and clustering algorithms. As a result, we propose three (3) SMTs, namely Social, Entertainment and Profiling networks, typically capturing emerging SMP services. Our results show that our hypothesis is validated by implementing our methodology and we discuss threats to validity.
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Notes
RapidMiner is a software suite that provides an integrated environment for data preparation, machine learning [15], deep learning, text mining [16], and predictive analytics. It supports all steps of the data mining process including data preparation, results visualization, model validation and optimization [17].
Abbreviations
- SM:
-
Social Media
- SMT:
-
Social Media Type
- SMP:
-
Social Media Platform
- SN:
-
Social Networks
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Appendices
Appendix A: The complete set of 112 SM sites
SM sites | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Gab | Cross.tv | Plurk | |
YouTube | Telegram | Flixster | LiveJournal |
Tagged | Gaia Online | ||
Myspace | BlackPlanet | Qzone | |
Badoo | MyMFB | ||
Vine | Stumbleupon | Care2 | Baidu |
Foursquare | CaringBridge | Line | |
Ask.fm | MeetMe | GoFundMe | YY |
Tumblr | Skyrock A192 | Tinder | Sprybirds |
Flickr | Pinboard | Crokes | |
Google+ | Kiwibox | Goodreads | VampireFreaks |
Twoo | Internations | CafeMom | |
VK | Yelp | PlentyofFish | Ravelry |
ClassMates | Snapfish | Minds | ASmallWorld |
Meetup | Photobucket | Nexopia | ReverbNation |
Shutterfly | Glocals | SoundCloud | |
Messenger | 500px | Academia.edu | Solaborate |
Snapchat | DeviantArt | Busuu | eToro |
Quora | Dronestagram | English, baby! | Xanga |
GirlsAskGuys | Fotki | Italki.com | Ryze |
Nextdoor | Fotolog | Untappd | Zynga |
ProductHunt | Imgur | Doximity | Habbo |
AngelList | Pixabay | Wayn | FunnyOrDie |
Kickstarter | WeHeartIt | CouchSurfing | Tout |
43Things | TravBuddy | Classmates | |
Skype | Path | Tournac | MyHeritage |
Viber | Uplike | Cellufun | MocoSpace |
Viadeo | Last.fm | 23andMe | Ancestry.com |
Appendix B: Mapping official features to utilities
Utility | Official features |
|---|---|
Connecting (Count = 52) | Fans, Groups, Live Chat, Pokes, Gifts, Messaging, Explore, Instagram Direct, Direct Messaging, Discussion Website, Exploring, Profiles, Messaging to Blogs, Accounts, User Profiles, Circles, Communities, Collections, Emails, User Profile Network, Influencers, Synchronization with Other Social Networks, SMS Service, Members, Neighbors, Chatting, Drafts, Secret chats, Voice Calls, Bands, Dating, Mothers, Weaving, Christian, Talent, Muslims, Activists, Political, Authors, Expats, Follow, Teenagers, Celebrities, Relatives, User Groups, Messages, Group and Voice Chat, Video conferences, Conversations, Chat features |
Multimedia (Count = 29) | Photos, Videos, Text, Upload and download options for Photos, Playback Upload Quality and formats, Live Streaming, 3D Videos, 360o Videos, Images, Live Videos, Photographic Filters, Record Short Video Clips, Ability To “Revine” Videos on A Personal Stream, Stream, Photography, Voice, Image Filters, Short videos, Gab, Cloud-Based Messages, Audio, Files, Musicians, Crocheting, Photoblog, VideoBlog, AudioBlog, Pictures |
Professional (Count = 36) | Monetization, Licensing, Job Listings, Online Recruiting, For-Pay Research, Snapcash, Products, Startups, Investors, Funding, Channels, Enterprises, Purchases, Home Services, Drones, Knitting, Environmental, Treatments, Medical, Illness, Funding, Rewards, Academics, Papers, Teaching, Language, Health, Business, Promoting, Companies, Technology, Trading, Stock offering, Virtual Currency, Video Streaming for money, Video tutorials for money |
Sharing (Count = 23) | Post Text, Instagram Stories, Tweet, Retweet, Links, Hashtags, Sharing Content, Protected Posts, Pins, Boards, Send Questions, Queue, Tags, Questions, What’s Hot, Post to And Read Community Boards, Post, Content Discovery, Location, Inspiration, Spinning, Sharing, Posting, Quoting |
Entertainment (Count = 17) | Games, Shopping, Gaming, Art, Music, Culture, Travel, Luxury, Movies, Animes, Books, Comedy, Online Social Gaming, Gamers, Concerts, Fashion, Sports |
Opinions (Count = 15) | Polls, Answers, Suggest Edits, Feeds, Recommendations, Reviews, Advice, Recommendation, Discussions, Forums, Opinions, Reviews, Discussion forums, |
Profile (Count = 13) | Wall, Calendar, Embedded in Profile, Skills, Memories, Bookmarking, Goals, Career, Records, Professional Profiles, Profile, Journals, Diaries |
Publishing (Count = 11) | Dashboard (Blog Posts), Google+ Page, Locations, Google Local, Publishing Platform, Blog, Blogging, Weblog, Pulse, Blogs, Microblogging |
Applications (Count = 15) | Apps, Stand-alone Apps, Third-party Services, HTML editing, Interaction and compatibility, Filtering, Additional features, Deprecated Features, Applications, External, Third Party Applications, Mobile, SMS, Bots, third party development |
Schedule (Count = 8) | Organization, View Information About Upcoming Reunions, Organize Meetups, Events, Activities, Planning, Event, Event coordination |
Privacy (Count = 6) | Classified section, Access control, Identity Service, Privacy, Security and Technology, Enhanced Privacy |
Voting (Count = 7) | Likes, Web Content Rating, Voting, +1 Button, Like Buttons, Upvote/Downvote, Stickers |
News (Count = 7) | News Feed, Status, Follow People and Trending Topics, Social News Aggregation, Following, News, Tech News |
Promoting (Count = 4) | Fan Pages, Links, Advertising, Ad-Free |
Appendix C: Utility occurrences on the SM dataset
No. | SM sites | Connecting | Multimedia | Professional | Sharing | Entertainment | Opinions | Profile | Publishing | Applications | Schedule | Privacy | Voting | News | Promoting |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 7 | 4 | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |
2 | YouTube | – | 6 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | |
4 | 1 | 2 | – | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | |
5 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 1 | – | |
6 | Vine | – | 2 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
7 | 1 | 2 | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | ||
8 | Ask.fm | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
9 | Tumblr | 1 | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | 2 | 1 | – | – | – | – | |
10 | Flickr | 1 | 2 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – |
11 | Google+ | 5 | 2 | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | 3 | 2 | – | 2 | 1 | – | – |
12 | 3 | – | 3 | – | – | – | 2 | 1 | 4 | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | |
13 | VK | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | – |
14 | ClassMates | 2 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – |
15 | Meetup | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – |
16 | 1 | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
17 | Messenger | 1 | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
18 | Snapchat | – | 3 | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
19 | Quora | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – |
20 | GirlsAskGuys | – | 1 | – | 2 | – | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
21 | Nextdoor | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – |
22 | ProductHunt | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – |
23 | AngelList | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
24 | Kickstarter | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
25 | 2 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
26 | Skype | 1 | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
27 | Viber | 1 | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
28 | Viadeo | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
29 | Gab | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
30 | Telegram | 4 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | 2 | – | 1 | 1 | – | – |
31 | Tagged | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
32 | Myspace | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
33 | Badoo | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
34 | Stumbleupon | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
35 | Foursquare | – | – | 2 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
36 | MeetMe | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
37 | Skyrock A192 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
38 | Pinboard | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
39 | Kiwibox | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
40 | Twoo | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
41 | Yelp | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – |
42 | Snapfish | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
43 | Photobucket | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
44 | Shutterfly | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
45 | 500px | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
46 | DeviantArt | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
47 | Dronestagram | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
48 | Fotki | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
49 | Fotolog | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
50 | Imgur | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – |
51 | Pixabay | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
52 | WeHeartIt | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
53 | 43Things | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
54 | Path | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
55 | Uplike | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
56 | Last.fm | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
57 | Cross.tv | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
58 | Flixster | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
59 | Gaia Online | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
60 | BlackPlanet | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
61 | MyMFB | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
62 | Care2 | 2 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
63 | CaringBridge | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
64 | GoFundMe | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
65 | Tinder | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
66 | Crokes | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
67 | Goodreads | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
68 | Internations | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
69 | PlentyofFish | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
70 | Minds | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
71 | Nexopia | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
72 | Glocals | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – |
73 | Academia.edu | 1 | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
74 | Busuu | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
75 | English, baby! | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
76 | Italki.com | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
77 | Untappd | – | 1 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
78 | Doximity | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
79 | Wayn | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
80 | CouchSurfing | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – |
81 | TravBuddy | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
82 | Tournac | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
83 | Cellufun | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
84 | 23andMe | 2 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
85 | Plurk | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
86 | LiveJournal | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
87 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
88 | Qzone | – | 3 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
89 | 2 | 1 | 1 | – | 2 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
90 | Baidu | – | 2 | – | 3 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
91 | Line | 3 | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
92 | YY | 1 | – | 3 | – | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
93 | Sprybirds | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
94 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | |
95 | VampireFreaks | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
96 | CafeMom | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
97 | Ravelry | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
98 | ASmallWorld | 1 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
99 | ReverbNation | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
100 | SoundCloud | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
101 | Solaborate | 1 | – | 3 | – | – | 2 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – |
102 | eToro | 1 | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
103 | Xanga | 1 | 3 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 2 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
104 | Ryze | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
105 | Zynga | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
106 | Habbo | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
107 | FunnyOrDie | 1 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
108 | Tout | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
109 | Classmates | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – |
110 | MyHeritage | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
111 | MocoSpace | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
112 | Ancestry.com | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Appendix D: SMPs’ primary, secondary, trivia utilities
SM sites | Primary | Secondary | Trivia |
|---|---|---|---|
Connecting (7) | Multimedia (4) | Entertainment (1), Opinions (1), Profile (1), Applications (1), Privacy (1), Voting (1), News (2), Promoting (2) | |
YouTube | Multimedia (6) | Sharing (1) | – |
Multimedia (3) | Connecting (2) | Professional (1), Sharing (1), Applications (2) | |
Sharing (4) | Multimedia (2) | Connecting (1), News (1) | |
Sharing (3) | Voting (2) | Connecting (1), Multimedia (1), News (1) | |
Vine | Multimedia (2) | Sharing (1) | – |
Multimedia (2), Sharing (2) | Connecting (1), News (1) | – | |
Ask.fm | Sharing (1), Connecting (1), Promoting (1) | – | – |
Tumblr | Sharing (4) | Publishing (2) | Connecting (1), Applications (1) |
Flickr | Multimedia (2), Applications (2) | Connecting (1), Professional (1), Schedule (1), Privacy (1) | – |
Google+ | Connecting (5) | Publishing (3) | Multimedia (2), Sharing (1), Profile (1), Applications (2), Privacy (2), Voting (1) |
Applications (4) | Connecting (3), Professional (3) | Profile (2), Publishing (1), Privacy (1) | |
VK | Connecting (4) | Privacy (1), Voting (1), News (1) | – |
ClassMates | Connecting (2) | Sharing (1), Schedule (1), Privacy (1) | – |
Meetup | Connecting (2) | Schedule (1) | – |
Multimedia (3) | Connecting (1) | – | |
Messenger | Multimedia (3) | Connecting (1) | – |
Snapchat | Multimedia (3) | Professional (1), Profile (1) | – |
Quora | Opinions (3) | Profile (1), Voting (1) | – |
GirlsAskGuys | Opinions (3) | Sharing (2) | Multimedia (1) |
Nextdoor | Schedule (2) | Connecting (1) | – |
ProductHunt | Professional (1), Voting (1) | – | – |
AngelList | Professional (2) | – | – |
Kickstarter | Professional (2) | – | – |
Connecting (2) | Entertainment (1) | – | |
Skype | Multimedia (3) | Connecting (1) | – |
Viber | Multimedia (3) | Connecting (1) | – |
Viadeo | Professional (3) | – | – |
Gab | Connecting (1), Multimedia (1), Promoting (1) | – | – |
Telegram | Connecting (4) | Applications (2) | Multimedia (1), Professional (1), Profile (1), Privacy (1), Voting (1) |
Tagged | Connecting (1) | – | – |
Myspace | Connecting (1), Multimedia (1) | – | – |
Badoo | Connecting (1) | – | – |
Stumbleupon | Sharing (1) | – | – |
Foursquare | Professional (2) | Sharing (1), Opinions (1) | – |
MeetMe | Connecting (1) | – | – |
Skyrock A192 | Publishing (1) | – | |
Pinboard | Profile (1), Promoting (1) | – | – |
Kiwibox | Multimedia (1), Entertainment (1), Publishing (1) | – | – |
Twoo | Connecting (1), Multimedia (1) | – | – |
Yelp | Opinions (2) | Multimedia (1), Professional (1), Schedule (1) | – |
Snapfish | Multimedia (1) | – | – |
Photobucket | Multimedia (2) | – | – |
Shutterfly | Multimedia (1) | – | – |
500px | Multimedia (1) | – | – |
DeviantArt | Multimedia (1), Entertainment (1) | – | – |
Dronestagram | Multimedia (1), Professional (1) | – | – |
Fotki | Multimedia (1) | – | – |
Fotolog | Multimedia (1), Publishing (1) | – | – |
Imgur | Multimedia (1), Voting (1) | – | – |
Pixabay | Multimedia (2) | – | – |
WeHeartIt | Multimedia (1) | – | – |
43Things | Sharing (1), Opinions (1), Profiling (1) | – | – |
Path | Connecting (1), Multimedia (1), Privacy (1) | – | – |
Uplike | Multimedia (1), Sharing (1) | – | – |
Last.fm | Entertainment (1), Opinions (1) | – | – |
Cross.tv | Connecting (1) | – | – |
Flixster | Entertainment (1) | – | – |
Gaia Online | Entertainment (1) | – | – |
BlackPlanet | Connecting (3) | Publishing (1) | – |
MyMFB | Connecting (1) | – | – |
Care2 | Connecting (2) Professional (1) | – | – |
CaringBridge | Professional (3) | – | – |
GoFundMe | Professional (1) | – | – |
Tinder | Connecting (1), Sharing (1) | – | – |
Crokes | Connecting (2) | – | – |
Goodreads | Entertainment (1), Opinions (1) | – | – |
Internations | Connecting (1) | – | – |
PlentyofFish | Connecting (1) | – | – |
Minds | Professional (2) | Privacy (1) | – |
Nexopia | Opinions (2) | – | – |
Glocals | Schedule (2) | Connecting (1) | – |
Academia.edu | Professional (2) | Connecting (1) | – |
Busuu | Professional (2) | – | – |
English, baby! | Professional (2) | – | – |
Italki.com | Professional (2) | – | – |
Untappd | Opinions (2) | Multimedia (1) | – |
Doximity | Professional (1) | – | – |
Wayn | Entertainment (1) | – | – |
CouchSurfing | Entertainment (1), Schedule (1) | – | – |
TravBuddy | Entertainment (1) | – | – |
Tournac | Sharing (1), Entertainment (1) | – | – |
Cellufun | Entertainment (1) | – | – |
23andMe | Connecting (2) | Professional (1) | – |
Plurk | Connecting (1), Sharing (1), Publishing (1) | – | – |
LiveJournal | Profile (2) | Publishing (1) | – |
Sharing (2) | Publishing (1) | – | |
Qzone | Multimedia (3) | Profile (1), Publishing (1) | – |
Connecting (2), Entertainment (2) | Multimedia (1), Professional (1), Publishing (1) | – | |
Baidu | Sharing (3) | Multimedia (2) | Opinions (1) |
Line | Multimedia (4) | Connecting (3) | – |
YY | Entertainment (4) | Professional (3) | Connecting (1) |
Sprybirds | Professional (1) | – | – |
Professional (1), Opinions (1), Profile (1), Schedule (1) | – | – | |
VampireFreaks | Connecting (1), Entertainment (1) | – | – |
CafeMom | Connecting (1) | – | – |
Ravelry | Connecting (1), Multimedia (1), Professional (1), Sharing (1) | – | – |
ASmallWorld | Entertainment (2) | Connecting (1) | – |
ReverbNation | Entertainment (1), Profile (1) | – | – |
SoundCloud | Sharing (1), Entertainment (1) | – | – |
Solaborate | Professional (3) | Opinions (2) | Connecting (1), Profile (1), Schedule (1), News (1) |
eToro | Professional (2) | Connecting (1) | – |
Xanga | Multimedia (3) | Publishing (2) | Connecting (1), Profile (1), Privacy (1) |
Ryze | Professional (1) | – | – |
Zynga | Entertainment (1) | – | – |
Habbo | Connecting (1), Entertainment (1) | – | – |
FunnyOrDie | Connecting (1), Multimedia (1), Entertainment (1) | – | – |
Tout | Professional (1) | – | – |
Classmates | Connecting (2) | Schedule (1) | – |
MyHeritage | Multimedia (1), Profile (1) | – | – |
MocoSpace | Entertainment (1) | – | – |
Ancestry.com | Connecting (2) | – | – |
Appendix E: Frequent itemsets (FP-growth)
Size | Support | Item 1 | Item 2 | Item 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.473 | Connecting | – | – |
1 | 0.384 | Multimedia | – | – |
1 | 0.277 | Professional | – | – |
1 | 0.205 | Entertainment | – | – |
1 | 0.196 | Sharing | – | – |
1 | 0.134 | Profile | – | – |
1 | 0.116 | Opinions | – | – |
1 | 0.116 | Publishing | – | – |
1 | 0.089 | Privacy | – | – |
1 | 0.089 | Schedule | – | – |
1 | 0.071 | Voting | – | – |
1 | 0.062 | Applications | – | – |
1 | 0.054 | News | – | – |
1 | 0.045 | Promoting | – | – |
2 | 0.188 | Connecting | Multimedia | – |
2 | 0.107 | Connecting | Professional | – |
2 | 0.071 | Connecting | Entertainment | – |
2 | 0.098 | Connecting | Sharing | – |
2 | 0.054 | Connecting | Profile | – |
2 | 0.062 | Connecting | Publishing | – |
2 | 0.080 | Connecting | Privacy | – |
2 | 0.062 | Connecting | Schedule | – |
2 | 0.045 | Connecting | Voting | – |
2 | 0.062 | Connecting | Applications | – |
2 | 0.054 | Connecting | News | – |
2 | 0.036 | Connecting | Promoting | – |
2 | 0.071 | Multimedia | Professional | – |
2 | 0.045 | Multimedia | Entertainment | – |
2 | 0.098 | Multimedia | Sharing | – |
2 | 0.062 | Multimedia | Profile | – |
2 | 0.045 | Multimedia | Opinions | – |
2 | 0.054 | Multimedia | Publishing | – |
2 | 0.054 | Multimedia | Privacy | – |
2 | 0.045 | Multimedia | Voting | – |
2 | 0.045 | Multimedia | Applications | – |
2 | 0.036 | Multimedia | News | – |
2 | 0.027 | Professional | Sharing | – |
2 | 0.045 | Professional | Profile | – |
2 | 0.036 | Professional | Opinions | – |
2 | 0.036 | Professional | Privacy | – |
2 | 0.036 | Professional | Schedule | – |
2 | 0.036 | Professional | Applications | – |
2 | 0.027 | Entertainment | Opinions | – |
2 | 0.036 | Sharing | Opinions | – |
2 | 0.036 | Sharing | Publishing | – |
2 | 0.027 | Sharing | Applications | – |
2 | 0.027 | Sharing | News | – |
2 | 0.045 | Profile | Opinions | – |
2 | 0.045 | Profile | Publishing | – |
2 | 0.045 | Profile | Privacy | – |
2 | 0.036 | Profile | Voting | – |
2 | 0.036 | Profile | Applications | – |
2 | 0.027 | Profile | Promoting | – |
2 | 0.027 | Opinions | Schedule | – |
2 | 0.027 | Publishing | Privacy | – |
2 | 0.027 | Publishing | Applications | – |
2 | 0.036 | Privacy | Voting | – |
2 | 0.045 | Privacy | Applications | – |
2 | 0.027 | Voting | Applications | |
2 | 0.027 | Voting | News | – |
3 | 0.045 | Connecting | Multimedia | Professional |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Multimedia | Entertainment |
3 | 0.054 | Connecting | Multimedia | Sharing |
3 | 0.036 | Connecting | Multimedia | Profile |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Multimedia | Publishing |
3 | 0.054 | Connecting | Multimedia | Privacy |
3 | 0.036 | Connecting | Multimedia | Voting |
3 | 0.045 | Connecting | Multimedia | Applications |
3 | 0.036 | Connecting | Multimedia | News |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Professional | Profile |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Professional | Privacy |
3 | 0.036 | Connecting | Professional | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Sharing | Publishing |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Sharing | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Sharing | News |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Profile | Publishing |
3 | 0.045 | Connecting | Profile | Privacy |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Profile | Voting |
3 | 0.036 | Connecting | Profile | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Publishing | Privacy |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Publishing | Applications |
3 | 0.036 | Connecting | Privacy | Voting |
3 | 0.045 | Connecting | Privacy | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Voting | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Connecting | Voting | News |
3 | 0.027 | Multimedia | Professional | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Multimedia | Sharing | News |
3 | 0.027 | Multimedia | Profile | Publishing |
3 | 0.036 | Multimedia | Profile | Privacy |
3 | 0.027 | Multimedia | Profile | Voting |
3 | 0.027 | Multimedia | Profile | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Multimedia | Privacy | Voting |
3 | 0.036 | Multimedia | Privacy | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Multimedia | Voting | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Professional | Opinions | Schedule |
3 | 0.027 | Professional | Privacy | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Profile | Publishing | Privacy |
3 | 0.027 | Profile | Privacy | Voting |
3 | 0.036 | Profile | Privacy | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Profile | Voting | Applications |
3 | 0.027 | Privacy | Voting | Applications |
Appendix F: Results from clustering with DBSCAN and k-Medoids
id | Cluster0 | id | Cluster1 | id | Cluster2 | id | Cluster3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DBSCAN | |||||||
1 | 2 | YouTube | 16 | 25 | |||
3 | 6 | Vine | 17 | Messenger | 46 | DevianArt | |
4 | 34 | Stumbleupon | 23 | AngelList | 58 | Flixster | |
5 | 55 | Uplike | 24 | Kickstarter | 59 | Gaia Online | |
7 | 65 | Tinder | 26 | Skype | 79 | Wayn | |
8 | Ask.fm | 97 | Ravelry | 27 | Viber | 81 | TravBuddy |
9 | Tumblr | – | – | 28 | Viadeo | 83 | Cellufun |
10 | Flickr | – | – | 31 | Tagged | 92 | YY |
11 | Google+ | – | – | 32 | Myspace | 95 | VampireFreaks |
12 | – | – | 33 | Badoo | 98 | ASmallWorld | |
13 | VK | – | – | 36 | MeetMe | 105 | Zynga |
14 | ClassMates | – | – | 40 | Twoo | 106 | Habbo |
15 | Meetup | – | – | 42 | Snapfish | 107 | FunnyOrDie |
18 | Snapchat | – | – | 43 | Photobucket | 111 | MocoSpace |
19 | Quora | – | – | 44 | Shutterfly | – | – |
20 | GirlsAskGuys | – | – | 45 | 500px | – | – |
21 | Nextdoor | – | – | 47 | Dronestagram | – | – |
22 | ProductHunt | – | – | 48 | Fotki | – | – |
29 | Gab | – | – | 51 | Pixabay | – | – |
30 | Telegram | – | – | 52 | WeHeartIt | – | – |
35 | Foursquare | – | – | 57 | Cross.tv | – | – |
37 | Skyrock A192 | – | – | 61 | MyMFB | – | – |
38 | Pinboard | – | – | 62 | Care2 | – | – |
39 | Kiwibox | – | – | 63 | CaringBridge | – | – |
41 | Yelp | – | – | 64 | GoFundMe | – | – |
49 | Fotolog | – | – | 66 | Crokes | – | – |
50 | Imgur | – | – | 68 | Internations | – | – |
53 | 43Things | – | – | 69 | PlentyofFish | – | – |
54 | Path | – | – | 73 | Academia.edu | – | – |
56 | Last.fm | – | – | 74 | Busuu | – | – |
60 | BlackPlanet | – | – | 75 | English, baby! | – | – |
67 | Goodreads | – | – | 76 | Italki.com | – | – |
70 | Minds | – | – | 78 | Doximity | – | – |
71 | Nexopia | – | – | 84 | 23andMe | – | – |
72 | Glocals | – | – | 91 | Line | – | – |
77 | Untappd | – | – | 93 | Sprybirds | – | – |
80 | CouchSurfing | – | – | 96 | CafeMom | – | – |
82 | Tournac | – | – | 102 | eToro | – | – |
85 | Plurk | – | – | 104 | Ryze | – | – |
86 | LiveJournal | – | – | 108 | Tout | – | – |
87 | – | – | 112 | Ancestry.com | – | – | |
88 | Qzone | – | – | – | – | – | – |
89 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
90 | Baidu | – | – | – | – | – | – |
94 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
99 | ReverbNation | – | – | – | – | – | – |
100 | SoundCloud | – | – | – | – | – | – |
101 | Solaborate | – | – | – | – | – | – |
103 | Xanga | – | – | – | – | – | – |
109 | Classmates | – | – | – | – | – | – |
110 | MyHeritage | – | – | – | – | – | – |
k-Medoids (k = 4) | |||||||
1 | 2 | YouTube | 10 | Flickr | 12 | ||
25 | 3 | 13 | VK | 18 | Snapchat | ||
39 | Kiwibox | 4 | 15 | Meetup | 19 | Quora | |
46 | DevianArt | 5 | 16 | 30 | Telegram | ||
56 | Last.fm | 6 | Vine | 17 | Messenger | 38 | Pinboard |
58 | Flixster | 7 | 21 | Nextdoor | 86 | LiveJournal | |
59 | Gaia Online | 8 | Ask.fm | 22 | ProductHunt | 88 | Qzone |
67 | Goodreads | 9 | Tumblr | 23 | AngelList | 94 | |
79 | Wayn | 11 | Google+ | 24 | Kickstarter | 101 | Solaborate |
80 | CouchSurfing | 14 | ClassMates | 26 | Skype | 103 | Xanga |
81 | TravBuddy | 20 | GirlsAskGuys | 27 | Viber | 110 | MyHeritage |
82 | Tournac | 34 | Stumbleupon | 28 | Viadeo | – | – |
83 | Cellufun | 35 | Foursquare | 29 | Gab | – | – |
89 | 53 | 43Things | 31 | Tagged | – | – | |
92 | YY | 55 | Uplike | 32 | Myspace | – | – |
95 | VampireFreaks | 65 | Tinder | 33 | Badoo | – | – |
98 | ASmallWorld | 85 | Plurk | 36 | MeetMe | – | – |
99 | ReverbNation | 87 | 37 | Skyrock A192 | – | – | |
100 | SoundCloud | 90 | Baidu | 40 | Twoo | – | – |
105 | Zynga | 97 | Ravelry | 41 | Yelp | – | – |
106 | Habbo | – | – | 42 | Snapfish | – | – |
107 | FunnyOrDie | – | – | 43 | Photobucket | – | – |
111 | MocoSpace | – | – | 44 | Shutterfly | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 45 | 500px | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 47 | Dronestagram | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 48 | Fotki | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 49 | Fotolog | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 50 | Imgur | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 51 | Pixabay | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 52 | WeHeartIt | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 54 | Path | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 57 | Cross.tv | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 60 | BlackPlanet | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 61 | MyMFB | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 62 | Care2 | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 63 | CaringBridge | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 64 | GoFundMe | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 66 | Crokes | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 68 | Internations | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 69 | PlentyofFish | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 70 | Minds | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 71 | Nexopia | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 72 | Glocals | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 73 | Academia.edu | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 74 | Bussu | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 75 | English, baby! | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 76 | Italki.com | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 77 | Untappd | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 78 | Doximity | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 84 | 23andMe | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 91 | Line | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 93 | Sprybirds | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 96 | CafeMom | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 102 | eToro | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 104 | Ryze | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 108 | Tout | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 109 | Classmates | – | – |
– | – | – | – | 112 | Ancestry.com | – | – |
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Koukaras, P., Tjortjis, C. & Rousidis, D. Social Media Types: introducing a data driven taxonomy. Computing 102, 295–340 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-019-00739-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-019-00739-y
Keywords
- Social Media
- Social Media Types
- Social Media Sites
- Social Media Platforms
- Social networking
- Data mining
- Clustering
- Association rules