Abstract
As cloud computing technologies and applications develop rapidly in recent years, the quantity and size of cloud datacenters have been ever-increasing, making the overconsumption of energy in datacenters become a widespread concern. To reduce the energy cost by servers, we must first build an accurate power model to achieve flexible, device-free power consumption measuring. However, most of the previous work related to server power modeling solely apply to the server and virtual machine levels, and the existing power models fail to take into account the heterogeneity in workload. Therefore, we first propose separate power consumption models based on the distinction of workload types including CPU-intensive, I/O-intensive, memory-intensive, and mixed workload. Then, we present an adaptive workload-aware power consumption measuring method (WSPM) for cloud servers. Our method proactively selects an appropriate power model for the upcoming workload through workload clustering, forecasting and classification, which are implemented using K-means, ARIMA, and threshold-based methods, respectively. We conducted several experiments to evaluate the performance of the key components of our method. The result shows: (1) the accuracy of our future workload forecasting on real traces of requests to our servers, (2) the accuracy of the power consumption measured by WSPM, and (3) the effectiveness of our workload-aware method in reducing real-time power estimation lag. Overall, the proposed method simplifies power modeling under diverse workloads without losing accuracy, making it a general and highly available solution for cloud data centers.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Idex GC (2018) Cisco global cloud index: forecast and methodology, 2016–2021. Cisco, San Jose, CA, USA, White Paper C11-738085-02
Delforge P (2015) America’s data centers consuming and wasting growing amounts of energy. https://www.nrdc.org/resources/americas-data-centers-consuming-and-wasting-growingamounts-energy. Accessed 18 May 2020
Avgerinou M, Bertoldi P, Castellazzi L (2017) Trends in data centre energy consumption under the european code of conduct for data centre energy efficiency. Energies 10(10):1470
Entrialgo J, Medrano R, García DF, García J (2016) Autonomic power management with self-healing in server clusters under QoS constraints. Computing 98(9):871–894
Lee S, Kim H, Park S, Kim S, Choe H, Yoon S (2018) CloudSocket: fine-grained power sensing system for datacenters. IEEE Access 6:49601–49610
Lin W, Wang H, Zhang Y, Qi D, Wang JZ, Chang V (2018) A cloud server energy consumption measurement system for heterogeneous cloud environments. Inf Sci 468:47–62
Luo L, Wu W, Zhang F (2014) Energy modeling based on cloud data center. J Softw 25(7):1371–1387. https://doi.org/10.13328/j.cnki.jos.004604(in Chinese)
Lin W, Wu W (2016) Energy consumption measurement and management in cloud computing environment. J Softw 27(4):1026–1041. https://doi.org/10.13328/j.cnki.jos.005022(in Chinese)
Guitart J (2017) Toward sustainable data centers: a comprehensive energy management strategy. Computing 99(6):597–615
Bohra AEH, Chaudhary V (2010) VMeter: power modelling for virtualized clouds. In: 2010 IEEE international symposium on parallel and distributed processing, workshops and Ph.D. forum (IPDPSW), 2010. IEEE, pp 1–8
Negru C, Mocanu M, Cristea V, Sotiriadis S, Bessis N (2017) Analysis of power consumption in heterogeneous virtual machine environments. Soft Comput 21(16):4531–4542
Lin W, Wu W, Wang H, Wang JZ, Hsu C-H (2018) Experimental and quantitative analysis of server power model for cloud data centers. Future Gener Comput Syst 86:940–950
Hsu C-H, Poole SW (2011) Power signature analysis of the SPECpower_ssj2008 benchmark. In: (IEEE ISPASS) IEEE international symposium on performance analysis of systems and software. IEEE, pp 227–236
Colmant M, Kurpicz M, Felber P, Huertas L, Rouvoy R, Sobe (2015) A process-level power estimation in VM-based systems. In: Proceedings of the tenth European conference on computer systems. ACM, p 14
Leite A, Tadonki C, Eisenbeis C, De Melo A (2014) A fine-grained approach for power consumption analysis and prediction. Procedia Comput Sci 29:2260–2271
Song J, Li T, Wang Z, Zhu Z (2013) Study on energy-consumption regularities of cloud computing systems by a novel evaluation model. Computing 95(4):269–287
Roy S, Rudra A, Verma A (2013) An energy complexity model for algorithms. In: Proceedings of the 4th conference on innovations in theoretical computer science. ACM, pp 283–304
Kansal A, Zhao F, Liu J, Kothari N, Bhattacharya AA (2010) Virtual machine power metering and provisioning. In: Proceedings of the 1st ACM symposium on cloud computing. ACM, pp 39–50
Chen F, Grundy J, Yang Y, Schneider J-G, He Q (2013) Experimental analysis of task-based energy consumption in cloud computing systems. In: Proceedings of the 4th ACM/SPEC international conference on performance engineering. ACM, pp 295–306
Zhou Z, Abawajy JH, Li F, Hu Z, Chowdhury MU, Alelaiwi A, Li K (2017) Fine-grained energy consumption model of servers based on task characteristics in cloud data center. IEEE Access 6:27080–27090
Dayarathna M, Wen Y, Fan R (2015) Data center energy consumption modeling: a survey. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 18(1):732–794
Zhang Q, Zhani MF, Boutaba R, Hellerstein JL (2014) Dynamic heterogeneity-aware resource provisioning in the cloud. IEEE Trans Cloud Comput 2(1):14–28
Alam M, Shakil KA, Sethi S (2016) Analysis and clustering of workload in google cluster trace based on resource usage. In: 2016 IEEE international conference on computational science and engineering (CSE) and IEEE international conference on embedded and ubiquitous computing (EUC) and 15th international symposium on distributed computing and applications for business engineering (DCABES). IEEE, pp 740–747
Zhou Z, Abawajy J, Chowdhury M, Hu Z, Li K, Cheng H, Alelaiwi AA, Li F (2018) Minimizing SLA violation and power consumption in cloud data centers using adaptive energy-aware algorithms. Future Gener Comput Syst 86:836–850
Chen W, Ye K, Wang Y, Xu G, Xu C-Z (2018) How does the workload look like in production cloud? Analysis and clustering of workloads on alibaba cluster trace. In: 2018 IEEE 24th international conference on parallel and distributed systems (ICPADS). IEEE, pp 102–109
Zuo L, Dong S, Shu L, Zhu C, Han G (2016) A multiqueue interlacing peak scheduling method based on tasks’ classification in cloud computing. IEEE Syst J 12(2):1518–1530
Wu Y, Wu H, Zhang W, Xu Y, Wei J, Zhong H (2018) HW3C: a heuristic based workload classification and cloud configuration approach for big data analytics. In: Proceedings of the tenth Asia-Pacific symposium on internetware. ACM, p 8
Patel J, Jindal V, Yen I-L, Bastani F, Xu J, Garraghan P (2015) Workload estimation for improving resource management decisions in the cloud. In: 2015 IEEE twelfth international symposium on autonomous decentralized systems. IEEE, pp 25–32
Wu W, Lin W, Peng Z (2017) An intelligent power consumption model for virtual machines under CPU-intensive workload in cloud environment. Soft Comput 21(19):5755–5764
Alsadie D, Alzahrani EJ, Sohrabi N, Tari Z, Zomaya AY (2018) DTFA: a dynamic threshold-based fuzzy approach for power-efficient VM consolidation. In: 2018 IEEE 17th international symposium on network computing and applications (NCA). IEEE, pp 1–9
MacQueen J (1967) Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations. In: Proceedings of the fifth Berkeley symposium on mathematical statistics and probability, vol 14. Oakland, CA, USA, pp 281–297
Box GE, Jenkins GM, Reinsel GC, Ljung GM (2015) Time series analysis: forecasting and control. Wiley, Hoboken
Zia Ullah Q, Hassan S, Khan GM (2017) Adaptive resource utilization prediction system for infrastructure as a service cloud. In: Computational intelligence and neuroscience 2017
Feller E, Morin C, Leprince D (2010) State of the art of power saving in clusters and results from the EDF case study. Technical report
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61872084, 61772205), Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (No.2020B010164003), Guangzhou Science and Technology Program key projects (Grant Nos. 202007040002, 201902010040, and 201907010001), Guangzhou Development Zone Science and Technology (Grant No. 2018GH17), Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research (2019B030302002), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, SCUT (Grant No. 2019ZD26).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lin, W., Zhang, Y., Wu, W. et al. An adaptive workload-aware power consumption measuring method for servers in cloud data centers. Computing 105, 515–538 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-020-00819-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-020-00819-4