Abstract
This paper presents an eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformation (XSLT)-based approach for automatic generation of the Web Ontology Language (OWL) from a UML model. Similar solutions that treat this problem are mostly partial since they do not use full metamodeling potentials. Although they emphasize the notion of the use UML for ontology development and propose necessary transformations into Semantic Web languages (e.g., RDF Schema, DAML, DAML+OIL), their UML models must be further refined using ontology-specialized tool. None of these approaches enables instance modeling and generation of OWL ontologies. In our efforts to make ontological and software engineering techniques closer, we have firstly defined ontology metamodeling architecture using Model Driven Architecture (MDA) concepts. This architecture consists of the Ontology Definition Metamodel defined using Meta Object Facility (MOF) and based on the OWL, as well as the related Ontology UML Profile (OUP). A transformation, that we present here, extends this metamodeling architecture and transforms an ontology from its OUP definition (i.e., XML Metadata Interchange – XMI) into the OWL description. Accordingly, we illustrate how an OUP-developed ontology can be shared with ontological engineering tools (i.e., Protégé).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baclawski K., Kokar M., Kogut P., Hart L., Smith J., Letkowski J., Emery P. (2002). Extending the Unified Modeling Language for ontology development. Int J Softw. Syst. Modeling 1(2):142–156
Baclawski, K., Kokar, M., Smith, J., Wallace, E., Letkowski, J., Koethe, M., Kogut, P.: UOL: Unified Ontology Language. Assorted papers discussed at the DC Ontology SIG meeting http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ontology/2002-11-02 (2002)
Bechhofer, S., van Harmelen, F., Hendler, J., Horrocks, I., McGuinness, D., Patel-Schneider, P., Stein, L.: OWL Web Ontology Language Reference. W3C recommendation http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-ref-20040210/ (2004)
Berners-Lee T. (1999). Weaving the Web. Orion Business Books, London
Bézivin, J.: From Object Composition to Model Transformation with the MDA. In: Proceedings of the 39th International Conference and Exhibition on Technology of Object-Oriented Languages and Systems, Santa Barbara, USA, pp. 350–355 (2001)
Bock C. (2003). UML without pictures. IEEE Software 20(5):33–35
Brickley, D., Guha, R.: (eds.) Resource Description Framework (RDF) Schema Specification 1.0. W3C Candidate Recommendation http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-rdf-schema-20000327 (2000)
Chandrasekaran B., Josephson J., Benjamins R. (1999). What are ontologies, and why do we need them?. IEEE Intell. Syst. 14(1):20–26
Chaudhri, V., Farquhar, A., Fikes, R., Karp, P., Rice, J.: OKBC: A programmatic foundation for knowledge base interoperability. In: Proceedings of the 15th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 600–607 (1998)
Cranefield, S.: Networked knowledge representation and Exchange using UML and RDF. J. Digi. inf. 1(8) http://jodi.ecs.soton.ac.uk (2001)
Damjanović V. (2003). Semantic Web, Ontologies, and Agents. Honors degree thesis, University of Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
Denny, M.: Ontology Tools Survey, Revisited http://www. xml.com/lpt/a/2004/07/14/onto.html (2004)
Devedžić V. (2002). Understanding Ontological Engineering. Communications of the ACM 45(4):136–144
Dirckze, R. (ed.) Java Metadata Interface (JMI) Specification Version 1.0 http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr040/index.html (2002)
Djurić D., Gašević D., Devedžić V. (2005). Ontology modeling and MDA. J. Object Techno. 4(1):109–129
Duddy K. (2002). UML2 must enable a family of languages. Commun. ACM 45(11):73–75
Falkovych K., Sabou M., Stuckenschmidt H. (2003). UML for the semantic web: Transformation-based approaches. In: Omelayenko B, Klein M (eds) Knowledge Transformation for the Semantic Web. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications 95. IOS Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 92–106
Fensel D., van Harmelen F., Horrocks I., McGuinness D., Patel-Schneider P. (2001). OIL: An Ontology Infrastructure for the semantic web. IEEE Intell. Syst. 16(2):38–45
Gašević, D., Devedžić, V.: Reusing petri nets through the semantic web. In: Proceedings of the 1st European Semantic Web Symposium, Heraklion, Greece, 2004. LNCS 3053. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 284–298 (2004)
Gašević, D., Damjanović, V., Devedžić, V.: Analysis of the MDA standards in ontological engineering. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of Information Technology, Bhubaneswar, India, pp. 193–196 (2003)
Gómez-Pérez A., Corcho O. (2002). Ontology languages for the semantic web. IEEE Intell. Syst. 17(1):54–60
Gruber T. (1993). A translation approach to portable ontology specifications. Knowl. Acquis. 5(2):199–220
Juerjens J. (2003). Secure Systems Development with UML. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Karp, P., Myers, K., Gruber, T.: The generic frame protocol. In: Proceedings of the 1995 International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Monreal, Canada. pp. 768–774 (1995)
Kogut P., Cranefield S., Hart L., Dutra M., Baclawski K., Kokar M., Smith J. (2002). UML for ontology development. Knowl. Eng. Rev. 17(1):61–64
McGuinness D., Fikes R., Hendler J., Stein L. (2002). DAML+OIL: An Ontology Language for the Semantic Web. IEEE Intell. Syst. 17(5):72–80
Miller, J., Mukerji, J: (eds.) MDA Guide: Version 1.0, OMG Document: omg/2003-05-01 http://www.omg.org/mda/ mda_files/MDA_Guide_Version1-0.pdf (2003)
Noy, N.F., McGuinness, D.: Ontology Development 101: A Guide to Creating Your First Ontology. TR SMI-2001-0880, Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University (2001)
Noy, N.F., Fergerson, R., Musen, M.: The knowledge model of Protégé-2000: combining interoperability and flexibility. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Knowledge Acquisition, Modeling and Management, Juan-les-Pins, France, pp. 17–32 (2000)
Noy N.F., Sintek M., Decker S., Crubézy M., Fergerson R., Musen M. (2001). Creating Semantic Web Contents with Protégé-2000. IEEE Intell. Syst. 16(2):60–71
Ontology Definition Metamodel Preliminary Revised Submission to OMG RFP ad/2003-03-40, Volume 1 http://codip.grci.com/odm/draft (2004)
Ontology Definition Metamodel, DSTC Initial Submission. OMG Document ad/2003-08-01 http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ad/03-08-01 (2003)
Ontology Definition Metamodel, Gentleware Initial Submission. OMG Document ad/03-08-09 http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ad/03-08-09 (2003)
Ontology Definition Metamodel, IBM Initial Submission. OMG Document ad/03-07-02 http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ad/03-07-02 (2003)
OMG Meta Object Facility (MOF) Specification v1.4. OMG Document formal/02-04-03 http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/apps/doc?formal/02-04-03.pdf (2002)
OMG Ontology Definition Metamodel Request for Proposal. OMG Document: ad/2003-03-40 http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ad/2003-03-40 (2003)
Ontology Definition Metamodel, Sandpiper Software Inc and KSL Initial Submission. OMG Document ad/03-08-06 http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ad/03-08-06 (2003)
OMG Unified Modeling Language Specification v1.5. OMG Document formal/03-03-01 http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/apps/doc?formal/03-03-01.zip (2003)
OMG XMI Specification, v1.2. OMG Document formal/02-01-01 http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?formal/2002-01-01 (2002)
Seidewitz E. (2003). What Models Mean. IEEE Software 20(5):26–32
Selic B. (2003). The pragmatics of model-driven Development. IEEE Software 20(5):19–25
Sigel, J.: Developing in OMG’s Model-Driven Architecture, Revision 2.6. OMG’s White Paper ftp://ftp.omg.org/pub/docs/-omg/01-12-01.pdf (2001)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gašević, D., Djurić, D. & Devedžić, V. MDA-based Automatic OWL Ontology Development. Int J Softw Tools Technol Transfer 9, 103–117 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10009-006-0002-1
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10009-006-0002-1