Skip to main content
Log in

Optimal face templates: the next step in surveillance face recognition

  • Industrial and commercial application
  • Published:
Pattern Analysis and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

A Correction to this article was published on 24 September 2019

This article has been updated

Abstract

The paper deals with surveillance face recognition in security applications such as surveillance camera systems or access control systems. Presented research is focused on enhancing recognition performance, reducing classification time and memory requirements. We aim to make it feasible to implement face recognition in end devices such as cameras, identification terminals or popular IoT devices. Therefore, we utilize algorithms that require low computational power and optimize them in order to reach higher recognition rates. We present a novel higher quantile method that enhances recognition performance via creation of robust and representative face templates for nearest neighbor classifier. Templates computed by the higher quantile method are determined by tolerance intervals which handle feature variability caused by face pose, expression, illumination and possible low image quality. The recognition performance evaluation has been conducted on images captured by surveillance camera system that are contained in unique IFaViD dataset. The IFaViD is the only one dataset captured by real surveillance camera system containing complex scenarios. The results show that the higher quantile method outperforms the contemporary approaches by 4%, respectively, 10% depending on the IFaViD’s test subset.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

  • 24 September 2019

    In the original publication of the article, the below-mentioned acknowledgement was not included and the author would like to add it.

References

  1. Abuzneid MA, Mahmood A (2018) Enhanced human face recognition using LBPH descriptor, multi-knn, and back-propagation neural network. IEEE Access 6:20641–20651. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2825310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ahonen A, Hadid A, Pietikäinen M (2006) Face description with local binary patterns: application to face recognition. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 28(12):2037–2041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. An L, Kafai M, Bhanu B (2013) Dynamic Bayesian network for unconstrained face recognition in surveillance camera networks. IEEE J Emerg Sel Top Circuits Syst 3(2):155–164. https://doi.org/10.1109/JETCAS.2013.2256752

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Anděl J (1976) Statistical analysis of time series. SNTL, Praha

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. Belhumeur PN, Hespanha JP, Kriegman DJ (1997) Eigenfaces vs. fisherfaces: recognition using class specific linear projection. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 7:711–720. https://doi.org/10.1109/34.598228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Biswas S, Aggarwal G, Flynn P (2011) Face recognition in low-resolution videos using learning-based likelihood measurement model. Proc Int Jt Conf Biom IJCB 2011:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/IJCB.2011.6117514

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Fawcett T (2006) An introduction to ROC analysis. Pattern Recognit Lett 27:861–874

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. García V, Sánchez JS, Marqués AI, Martínez-Peláez R (2018) A regression model based on the nearest centroid neighborhood. Pattern Anal Appl 21(4):941–951. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10044-018-0706-3

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  9. Huang G, Lee H, Learned-Miller E (2012) Learning hierarchical representations for face verification with convolutional deep belief networks. In: IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 2518–2525

  10. Huang GB, Ramesh M, Berg T, Learned-Miller E (2007) Labeled faces in the wild: a database for studying face recognition in unconstrained environments. Technical Report 07-49, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA

  11. Koringa PA, Mitra SK, Asari VK (2017) Handling illumination variation: a challenge for face recognition. In: Raman B, Kumar S, Roy PP, Sen D (eds) Proceedings of international conference on computer vision and image processing, pp 273–283. Springer Singapore, Singapore

  12. Linna M, Kannala J, Rahtu E (2015) Online face recognition system based on local binary patterns and facial landmark tracking. In: Battiato S, Blanc-Talon J, Gallo G, Philips W, Popescu D, Scheunders P (eds) Advanced concepts for intelligent vision systems. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 403–414

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  13. Malach T, Pomenkova J (2014) Face template creation: Is centroid method a suitable approach? In: Proceedings of the 24th international conference radioelektronika, radioelektronika 2012, Bratislava, Slovakia, pp 105–108

  14. Malach T, Pomenkova J (2018) Comparing classifier’s performance based on confidence interval for the ROC. Radioengineering 27(3):827–834. https://doi.org/10.13164/re.2018.0827

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Malach T, Prinosil J (2014) Face templates creation surveillance face recognition system. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on pattern recognition applications and methods, ICPRAM 2014, Angers, France, pp 724–729

  16. Phillips PJ, Flynn PJ, Beveridge JR, Scruggs WT, O’Toole AJ, Bolme D, Bowyer KW, Draper BA, Givens GH, Lui Y, Sahibzada H, Scallan J, Weimer S (2009) Overview of the multiple biometrics grand challenge. Adv Biom 5558:705–714. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01793-3_72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Phillips PJ, Hyeonjoon M, Rizvi S, Rauss PJ (2000) The FERET evaluation methodology for face-recognition algorithms. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 22(10):1090–1104. https://doi.org/10.1109/34.879790

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Prinosil J (2013) Local descriptors based face recognition engine for video surveillance systems. In: 36th International conference on telecommunications and signal processing, TSP 2013, Berlin, Germany, pp 862–866. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2013.6614062

  19. Savchenko AV (2015) An optimal greedy approximate nearest neighbor method in statistical pattern recognition. In: Kryszkiewicz M, Bandyopadhyay S, Rybinski H, Pal SK (eds) Pattern recognition and machine intelligence. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 236–245

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  20. Shi W, Jiang M (2018) Face recognition based on multi-view. In: Lai JH, Liu CL, Chen X, Zhou J, Tan T, Zheng N, Zha H (eds) Pattern recognition and computer vision. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 127–136

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  21. Singh C, Mittal N, Walia E (2014) Complementary feature sets for optimal face recognition. EURASIP J Image Video Process 2014(1):35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Stallkamp J, Ekenel H, Stiefelhagen R (2007) Video-based face recognition on real-world data. In: Proceedings of IEEE 11th international conference on computer vision, ICCV 2007, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, pp 1–8

  23. Taigman Y, Ming Y, Marc’Aurelio R, Lior W (2014) Deepface: closing the gap to human-level performance in face verification. In: IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, CVPR 2014, Columbus, OH, USA, pp 1701–1708. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2014.220

  24. Theodoridis S, Koutroubas K (2009) Pattern recognition. Academic Press, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA. ISBN 978-1-597-59749-272-0

  25. Tome P, Fierrez J, Vera-Rodriguez R, Nixon M (2014) Soft biometrics and their application in person recognition at a distance. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 9(3):464–475. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2014.2299975

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Viola P, Jones M (2001) Robust real-time object detection. Int J Comput Vis 4:4

    Google Scholar 

  27. Westin L (2015) Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Evaluating discriminance effects among decision support systems, vol 2015, no 1. [online] Cited 11 Feb 2015. Available at http://nutkin.cs.umu.se/research/reports/2001/018/part1.pdf

  28. Zhang H, Wu QJ, Chow TW, Zhao M (2012) A two-dimensional neighborhood preserving projection for appearance-based face recognition. Pattern Recognit 45:1866–1876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2011.11.002

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  29. Zhao W, Chellapa R (2006) Face processing. Academic Press, Waltham

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tobias Malach.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Malach, T., Pomenkova, J. Optimal face templates: the next step in surveillance face recognition. Pattern Anal Applic 23, 1021–1032 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10044-019-00842-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10044-019-00842-y

Keywords

Navigation