Abstract
A new method for researching haptic interaction styles is presented, based on a layered interaction model and a classification of existing devices. The method is illustrated by designing a new foot interaction device. The aim of which is to enhance non-verbal communication over a computer network. A layered protocols interaction model allows to consider all aspects of the haptic communication process: the intention to perform an action, limitations of the human body, and specifications of the communication device and the network. We demonstrate how this model can be used to derive design-guidelines by analyzing and classifying existing communication devices. By designing and evaluating a foot interaction device, we not only demonstrate that feet are suited for personal, concealed communication over a network, but also show the added value of the design-guidelines. Results of user tests provide clues for designing stimuli for foot interaction and indicate applications of foot communication devices.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ling RC (2004) The mobile connection: The cell phone’s impact on society. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Fransisco, Los Altos, CA
Brave S, Dahley A (1997) Intouch: medium for haptic interpersonal communication, Extended abstracts of CHI’97, Atlanta GA, pp 363–364
Chang A, O’Modhrains S, Jacob R, Gunther E, Ishii H (2002) Comtouch: Design of a vibrotactile communication device, Proceedings of DIS’02, London, England, pp 312–320; doi: 10.1145/778712.778755
Rovers AF, Essen van HA (2004) HIM: A Framework for haptic instant messaging, Extended abstracts of CHI 2004, Vienna, Austria, pp 1313–1316; doi: 10.1145/985921.986052
LaViola JL, Feliz DA, Keefe D, Zeleznik RC (2001) Hands-free multi-scale navigation in virtual environments, Proceedings of SI3D’01, Research Triangle Park, NC, pp 9–15; doi: 10.1145/364338.364339
Pearson G, Weiser M (1986) Of moles and men: The design of foot controls for workstations, Proceedings of SIGCHI’86, Boston, MA, pp 333–339; doi: 10.1145/22627.22392
Paradiso JA, Morris SJ, Benbasat AY, Asmussen E (2004) Interactive therapy with instrumented footwear, extended abstracts of CHI’04, Vienna, Austria, pp 1341–1343; doi: 10.1145/985921.986059
Whitton MC, Cohn JV, Feasel J, Zimmons P, Razzaque S, Poulton SJ, McLeod B, Brooks FP (2005) Comparing VE locomotion interfaces, Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality 2005, Bonn; doi: 10.1109/VR.2005.25
Templeman JN, Denbrook PS, Sibert LE (1999) Virtual locomotion: Walking in place through virtual environments, Presence: teleoperators and virtual environments, vol 8, Nr. 6, The MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 598–617
Pakkanen T, Raisamo R (2004) Appropriateness of foot interaction for non-accurate spatial tasks, Extended abstracts of CHI2004, Vienna, Austria, pp 1123–1126; doi: 10.1145/985921.986004
Hoffmann ER (1991) A comparison of hand and foot movement times, Ergonomics 34(4), April, Taylor & Francis, London, pp 397–406; PMID: 1860460
Trulsson M (2001) Mechanoreceptive afferents in the human sural nerve, Exp Brain Res 137:111–116; PMID: 11310164
Essen HA van, Rovers AF (2005) Layered protocols approach to analyze haptic communication over a network, Proceedings of World Haptics 2005, Pisa, Italy; doi: 10.1109/WHC.2005.85
Taylor MM (1988) Layered protocols for computer-human dialogue I: principles. Int J Man Mach Stud 28:175–218
Taylor MM (1988) Layered protocols for computer-human dialogue II: some practical issues. Int J Man Mach Stud 28:219–257
Wickens CD, Gordon SE, Liu Y (1998) An introduction to human factors analysis. Addison-Wesley Inc., Reading, MA
Gibson JJ (1979) The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA
Norman DA, Draper SW (1986) User centered system design: New perspective on human-computer interaction. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., Hillsdale, NJ
Norman DA (1988) The design of everyday things. The MIT press, Cambridge, MA
IJsselsteijn WA (2004) Presence in Dept, PhD Thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, J.F. Schoutenschool for User-System Interaction Research
Oboe R (2001) Web-interfaced, force-reflecting teleoperation systems. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 48(6):1257–1265
Souayed GT, Gaiti D, Yu W, Dodds G, Marshall A (2004) Experimental study of haptic interaction in distributed virtual environments. Proceedings of Eurohaptics, Munchen, Germany, pp 260–266
White N, Back D (1986) Telephonic arm wrestling. The strategic arts initiative symposium, Italy
Paulos E (2003) Connexus: A communal interface”. Tech.Report IRB-TR-03-011, Intel Research
Fels S, Takahashi S, Chung C (2001) PlesioPhone: An cell phone and telephone based interactive artwork, (http://hct.ece.ubc.ca/research/plesiophone)
Fogg BJ, Cutler LD, Arnold P, Eisbach PC (1998) HandJive: A device for interpersonal haptic entertainment, Proceedings of CHI ‘98, Los Angeles, CA, pp 57–64; doi: 10.1145/274644.274653
Goldberg K, Wallace R (1993) Data dentata, visual proceedings of SIGGRAPH ‘93, Anaheim, CA
Dodge C (1997) The Bed: A medium for intimate communication. Extened abstracts of CHI 97, Atlanta, GA, pp 371–372
Grimmer N (2001) Heart2Heart, winner of Intel student design competition
McGaig G, Fels S (2002) The 2Hearts Project: Enhancing non-verbal communication through music and graphics, (http://hct.ece.ubc.ca/research/2hearts)
Oakley I, O’Modhrain S (2002) Contact IM: Exploring asynchronous touch over distance, proceedings of CSCW 2002
Tollmar K, Junestrand S, Torgny O (2000) Virtually living together, Proceedings of DIS 2000, New York City, NY, pp 83–91; doi: 10.1145/347642.347670
Hansson R, Skogg T (2001) The LoveBomb: Encouraging the communication of emotions in public space, Extended abstracts of CHI’01, pp 433–434; doi: 10.1145/634067.634319
Rovers AF, Essen HA van (2004) Design and evaluation of hapticons for enriched instant messaging, Proceedings of EuroHaptics’04, Munich, Germany
Tan H, Lim A, Taylor R (2000) A Psychophysical study of sensory saltation with an open response paradigm, DSC vol 69-2. Proc ASME Dyn Syst Control Div 2:1109–1115
Erp JBF van (2002) Guidelines for the use of vibro-tactile displays in human computer interaction, Proceedings of EuroHaptics’02
Rovers AF, Essen HA van (2005) FootIO: Design and evaluation of a device to enable foot interaction over a computer network. Proceedings of WorldHaptics 2005, Pisa, Italy, pp 521–522; doi: 10.1109/WHC.2005.56
Brave S, Nass C, Sirinian CE (2001) Force-feedback in computer-mediated communication, Proceedings of UAHCI’01, New Orleans, LA
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rovers, A., van Essen, H. Guidelines for haptic interpersonal communication applications: an exploration of foot interaction styles. Virtual Reality 9, 177–191 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-005-0016-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-005-0016-0