Abstract
Technological advances in robotics increase progressively. Elder care is one of the work areas which have potential to involve robotic workforce. So, it is important to focus on interaction between humans and potential robot workers to prepare the organization for possible challenges. The current study examined the relationships between trust in robots and anthropomorphism of robots, intention to work with robots and preference of automation levels. For this purpose, 102 caregivers who work for elder care in a nursing home (aged between 19 and 40) participated in an experimental study. According to the results, anthropomorphism of robots did not make any difference in terms of trust in them. Trust in robots was significantly related to intention to work and preference of automation levels. Organizations may consider employees’ trust in robots as an important factor before adapting them to workplace area.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahn HS, Datta C, Kuo IH, Stafford R, Kerse N, Peri K, MacDonald BA et al (2015) Entertainment services of a healthcare robot system for older people in private and public spaces. In: Sixth international conference on automation, robotics and applications (ICARA). IEEE, pp 217–222. https://doi.org/10.1109/icara.2015.7081150
Alaiad A, Zhou L (2013) Patients’ behavioral intention toward using healthcare robots. In: Proceedings of the nineteenth Americas conference on information systems, Chicago
Bartneck C, Kulić D, Croft E, Zoghbi S (2009) Measurement instruments for the anthropomorphism, animacy, likeability, perceived intelligence, and perceived safety of robots. Int J Soc Robot 1(1):71–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-008-0001-3
Bass B, Fink N, Price M, Sturre L, Hentschel E, Pak R (2011) How does anthropomorphism affect user’s trust, compliance, and performance on a decision making automation task? Proc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annu Meet 55(1):1952–1956. https://doi.org/10.1037/e578902012-416
Berns K, Mehdi SA (2010) Use of an autonomous mobile robot for elderly care. In: Advanced technologies for enhancing quality of life (AT-EQUAL), pp 121–126. https://doi.org/10.1109/atequal.2010.30
Branyon J, Pak R (2015) Investigating older adults’ trust, causal attributions, and perception of capabilities in robots as a function of robot appearance, task, and reliability. Proc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annu Meet 59(1):1550–1554. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931215591335
Butter M, Jv B, Kalisingh S (2007) Robotics for healthcare, state of the art report. TNO, Delft
Butter M, Rensma A, Boxsel JV, Kalisingh S, Schoone M, Leis M, Thielmaan A et al (2008) Robotics for healthcare: final report. DG Information Society, European Commission, Brussels
Chang MK, Cheung W (2001) Determinants of the intention to use Internet/WWW at work: a confirmatory study. Inf Manag 39(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7206(01)00075-1
Chee BTT, Taezoon P, Xu Q, Ng J, Tan O (2012) Personality of social robots perceived through the appearance. Work 41(Suppl 1):272–276
Choi JG, Kim M (2008) The usage and evaluation of anthropomorphic form in robot design. In: Undisciplined! Design research society conference 2008. Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield
Cummings ML, Thornburg KM (2011) Paying attention to the man behind the curtain. IEEE Pervasive Comput 10(1):58–62. https://doi.org/10.1109/mprv.2011.7
Dassonville I, Jolly D, Desodt AM (1996) Trust between man and machine in a teleoperation system. Reliab Eng Syst Safe 53(3):319–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0951-8320(96)00042-7
Davis FD (1989) Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Q 13:319–340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008
Desai M (2007) Sliding scale autonomy and trust in human–robot interaction. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation. University of Massachusetts, Lowell
Duffy BR (2002) Anthropomorphism and robotics. The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour 20. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8890(02)00374-3
Dzindolet MT, Peterson SA, Pomranky RA, Pierce LG, Beck HP (2003) The role of trust in automation reliance. Int J Hum Comput St 58(6):697–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1071-5819(03)00038-7
Endsley MR (1995) Towards a new paradigm for automation: designing for situation awareness. IFAC Proc 28(15):365–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)45259-1
Epley N, Caruso E, Bazerman MH (2006) When perspective taking increases taking: reactive egoism in social interaction. J Pers Soc Psychol 91(5):872–889. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.785989
Epley N, Waytz A, Cacioppo JT (2007) On seeing human: a three-factor theory of anthropomorphism. Psychol Rev 114(4):864–886. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.864
Everard A, Galletta DF (2005) How presentation flaws affect perceived site quality, trust, and intention to purchase from an online store. J Manag Inf Syst 22(3):56–95. https://doi.org/10.2753/mis0742-1222220303
Fasola J, Mataric MJ (2012) Using socially assistive human–robot interaction to motivate physical exercise for older adults. Proc IEEE 100(8):2512–2526. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-800881-2.00022-0
Fazio RH (1990) Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: the MODE model as an integrative framework. Adv Exp Soc Psychol 23:75–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60318-4
Ferrari F, Paladino MP, Jetten J (2016) Blurring human–machine distinctions: anthropomorphic appearance in social robots as a threat to humandistinctiveness. Int J Soc Robot 8(2):287–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-016-0338-y
Gong L (2008) How social is social responses to computers? The function of the degree ofanthropomorphism in computer representations. Comput Hum Behav 24(4):1494–1509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2007.05.007
Gu JC, Lee SC, Suh YH (2009) Determinants of behavioral intention to mobile banking. Expert Syst Appl 36(9):11605–11616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2009.03.024
Hansen ST, Andersen HJ, Bak T (2010) Practical evaluation of robots for elderly in Denmark: an overview. In: Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE international conference on human–robot interaction. IEEE Press, pp 149–150. https://doi.org/10.1145/1734454.1734517
Haring KS, Watanabe K, Mougenot C (2012) The influence of robot appearance on assessment. In: Proceedings of the 8th ACM/IEEE international conference on human–robot interaction. IEEE Press, pp 131–132. https://doi.org/10.1109/hri.2013.6483536
Hertzberg L (1988) On the attitude of trust. Inquiry 31(3):307–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/00201748808602157
Holden RJ, Rivera-Rodriguez AJ, Faye H, Scanlon MC, Karsh BT (2013) Automation and adaptation: nurses’ problem-solving behavior following the implementation of bar-coded medication administration technology. Cogn Technol Work 15(3):283–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-012-0229-4
Jacobzone S (2000) Coping with aging: international challenges. Health Aff 19(3):213–225. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.19.3.213
Jian JY, Bisantz AM, Drury CG (2000) Foundations for an empirically determined scale of trust in automated systems. Int J Cogn Ergon 4(1):3–71. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327566ijce0401_04
Jones K (1996) Trust as an affective attitude. Ethics 107(1):4–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-20409-6_11
Jouglet D, Piechowiak S, Vanderhaegen F (2003) A shared workspace to support man–machine reasoning: application to cooperative distant diagnosis. Cogn Technol Work 5(2):127–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-002-0108-5
Kageyama Y (2002) Nurse gadget patrols the wards. Age. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.11.7.6.s6
Kim TT, Kim WG, Kim HB (2009) The effects of perceived justice on recovery satisfaction, trust, word-of-mouth, and revisit intention in upscale hotels. Tour Manag 30(1):51–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.04.003
Kusuma H, Pramunita R (2011) The effect of risk and trust on the behavioral intention of using e-procurement system. Eur J Econ Financ Admin Sci 40:138–145
Lee J, Moray N (1991) Trust, self-confidence and supervisory control in a process control simulation. In: 1991 IEEE international conference on systems, man, and cybernetics, 1991. Decision aiding for complex systems, conference proceedings. IEEE, pp 291–295. https://doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.1991.169700
Lee J, Moray N (1992) Trust, control strategies and allocation of function in human–machine systems. Ergonomics 35(10):1243–1270. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139208967392
Lee JD, See KA (2004) Trust in automation: designing for appropriate reliance. Hum Factors J Hum Factors Ergon Soc 46(1):50–80. https://doi.org/10.1518/hfes.46.1.50.30392
Lee MK, Turban E (2001) A trust model for consumer internet shopping. Int J Electron Commun 6(1):75–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2001.11044227
Lockhart JM, Strub MH, Hawley JK, Tapia LA (1993) Automation and supervisory control: a perspective on human performance, training, and performance aiding. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society annual meeting, vol 37, no 18. SAGE Publications, Sage, pp 1211–1215. https://doi.org/10.1177/154193129303701802
Madhavan P, Wiegmann DA, Lacson FC (2006) Automation failures on tasks easily performed by operators undermine trust in automated aids. Hum Factors J Hum Factors Ergon Soc 48(2):241–256. https://doi.org/10.1037/e577042012-018
Moray N, Inagaki T, Itoh M (2000) Adaptive automation, trust, and self-confidence in fault management of time-critical tasks. J Exp Psychol Appl 6(1):44. https://doi.org/10.1037//1076-898x.6.1.44
Mori M, MacDorman KF, Kageki N (2012) The uncanny valley [from the field]. IEEE Robot Autom Mag 19(2):98–100. https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2012.2192811
Muir BM (1987) Trust between humans and machines, and the design of decision aids. Int J Hum Comput Stud 27(5–6):527–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7373(87)80013-5
Muir BM, Moray N (1996) Trust in automation. Part II. Experimental studies of trust and human intervention in a process control simulation. Ergonomics 39(3):429–460. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139608964474
Njite D, Parsa HG (2005) Structural equation modeling of factors that influence consumer internet purchase intentions of services. J Serv Res 5(1):43
Oulton JA (2006) The global nursing shortage: an overview of issues and actions. Politics Nurs Pract 7(Suppl 3):34S–39S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527154406293968
Pak R, Fink N, Price M, Bass B, Sturre L (2012) Decision support aids with anthropomorphic characteristics influence trust and performance in younger and older adults. Ergonomics 55(9):1059–1072. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2012.691554
Parasuraman R, Riley V (1997) Humans and automation: use, misuse, disuse, abuse. Hum Fact J Hum Fact Ergon Soc 39(2):230–253. https://doi.org/10.1518/001872097778543886
Parasuraman R, Molloy R, Singh IL (1993) Performance consequences of automation-induced ‘complacency’. Int J Aviat Psychol 3(1):1–23. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327108ijap0301_1
Parasuraman R, Sheridan TB, Wickens CD (2000) A model for types and levels of human interaction with automation. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern A Syst Hum 30(3):286–297. https://doi.org/10.1109/3468.844354
Pineau J, Montemerlo M, Pollack M, Roy N, Thrun S (2003) Towards robotic assistants in nursing homes: challenges and results. Robot Auton Syst 42(3):271–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8890(02)00381-0
Prakash A, Rogers WA (2015) Why some humanoid faces are perceived more positively than others: effects of human-likeness and task. Int J Soc Robot 7(2):309–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0269-4
Reidy K, Markin K, Kohn S, Wiese E (2015) Effects of perspective taking on ratings of human likeness and trust. In: International conference on social robotics. Springer International Publishing, pp 564–573. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25554-5_56
Robinson H, MacDonald BA, Kerse N, Broadbent E (2013) Suitability of healthcare robots for a dementia unit and suggested improvements. J Am Med Dir Assoc 14(1):34–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-016-0338-y
Sætren GB, Hogenboom S, Laumann K (2016) A study of a technological development process: human factors—the forgotten factors? Cogn Technol Work 18(3):595–611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-016-0379-x
Sargen M, Hooker RS, Cooper RA (2011) Gaps in the supply of physicians, advance practice nurses, and physician assistants. J Am Coll Surg 212(6):991–999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2011.03.005
Scerbo MW (1996) Theoretical perspectives on adaptive automation. In: Parasuraman R, Mouloua M (eds) Automation and human performance: theory and applications. Erlbaum, Mahwah, pp 37–63
Schaefer KE (2013) The perception and measurement of human–robot trust. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation. University of Central Florida, Orlando
Sheridan TB (2002) Humans and automation: system design and research issues. Wiley, New York
Spier R (2013) Trust as a necessary attitude in learning and research. http://www.portlandpress.com/pp/books/online/wg86/086/0015/0860015.pdf. Retrieved 5 Sept 2016
Waytz A, Heafner J, Epley N (2014) The mind in the machine: Anthropomorphism increases trust in an autonomous vehicle. J Exp Soc Psychol 52:113–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.01.005
Woods S (2006) Exploring the design space of robots: Children’s perspectives. Interact Comput 18(6):1390–1418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2006.05.001
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Appendix: Measurement items of scales
Appendix: Measurement items of scales
Scale | Measurement item |
|---|---|
Manipulation check | This robot’s head looks like a human head This robot’s face looks like a human face This robot’s body looks like a human body |
Checklist for trust between people and automation | This robot is deceptive I am suspicious of this robot’s intent, action, or output I am wary of this robot This robot’s action will have a harmful or injurious outcome I am confident in this robot This robot provides security This robot is dependable This robot is reliable I can trust this robot |
Intention to work | I want to work with this robot when I work in the future I can easily work with this robot when I work in the future |
Automation levels of robots | |
Information acquisition | I would assign this robot to collect information on whether or not there is any need of the resident |
Information analysis | I would assign this robot to analyze the collected information |
Decision selection | After the analysis of the information, I would assign this robot to decide what to do |
Action implementation | I would assign this robot to implement the decision |
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Erebak, S., Turgut, T. Caregivers’ attitudes toward potential robot coworkers in elder care. Cogn Tech Work 21, 327–336 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-018-0512-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-018-0512-0