Skip to main content
Log in

Accessible presentation of information for people with visual disabilities

  • Long Paper
  • Published:
Universal Access in the Information Society Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Personal computers, palm top computers, media players and cell phones provide instant access to information from around the world. There are a wide variety of options available to make that information available to people with visual disabilities, so many that choosing one for use in any given context can often feel daunting to someone new to the field of accessibility. This paper reviews tools and techniques for the presentation of textual, graphic, mathematic and web documents through audio and haptic modalities to people with visual disabilities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. The Mathtalk project was incorporated into the Mathematics Access for Technology and Science project in 1996 (MATHS) [55].

  2. An example would be raising the voice when reading an exponent.

  3. For example, a user should be able to skip some graphic elements and receive textual descriptions for others within the same document.

  4. Early work on this project is based on the work in the MAVIS [5, 81, 99] project and the LABRADOOR [13] project.

  5. http://dots.physics.orst.edu/ [12, 66, 68, 69, 72, 73, 118, 161, 166, 173].

  6. However, despite the popularity of haptic mice in research settings [84, 140, 197, 233, 235] as of this writing there are no haptic mice on the market for sale.

  7. http://www.sensable.com(08/2005).

  8. http://www.immersion.com/3d/products/cyber_grasp.php(08/2005).

  9. This work identified the two procedures of grasping and molding.

References

  1. ABTIM: Videotim. ABTIM company website. http://www.abtim.com/ (2006). Accessed November 2006

  2. Ali, H.A., El-Desouky, A.I., El-Gwad, A.O.A.: Realization of high-performance bilingual English/Arabic articulated document analysis and understanding system. Int. J. Comput. Appl. Technol. 16(1), 54–65 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Allan, B.: Kurzweil reading machine. Comput. Mag. 20 (1985)

  4. Allen, A., Kleinman, J., Lawrence, J., Lazar, J.: Methodological issues in using time diaries to collect frustration data from blind computer users. In: Proceedings of HCI International 2005: Emergent Application Domains in HCI, vol. 5, LEA. CD-ROM Publication (2005)

  5. Annamalai, N., Gopal, D., Gupta, G., Guo, H., Karshmer, A.: INSIGHT: a comprehensive system for converting braille based mathematical documents to latex. In: Stephanidis, C. (ed.) (189), pp. 226–230

  6. Arrabito, R., Jürgensen, H.: Using to produce braille mathematical notation in accordance with the Nemeth Braille code for mathematics and science notation, 1972 revision. Undergraduate Thesis (1987)

  7. Asakawa, C., Itoh, T.: User interface of a home page reader. In: Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies, pp. 149–156. ACM Press, New York (1998)

  8. Asakawa, C., Takagi, H., Shuichi, I.: A proposal for a dial-based interface for voice output based on blind users’ cognitive listening abilities. In: Stephanidis, C. (ed.) (189), pp. 1245–1249

  9. Bach-Y-Rita, P., Hughes, B.: A modified Optacon: towards an educational program. In: Discovery ‘84. Technology for Disabled Persons. Conference Papers, pp. 187–193 (1985)

  10. Baillie, C., Burmeister, O.K., Hamlyn-Harris, J.H.: Web-based teaching: communicating technical diagrams with the vision impaired. In: Presentation at the Australian Web Accessibility Conference, OZeWAI 2003. http://opax.swin.edu.au/~303207/Papers/OZeWAI20031.html (2003). Retrieved September 2005

  11. Balin, P.: A workstation for blind. Computerised Braille production. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop, pp. 27–32 (1986)

  12. Barry, W.A., Gardner, J.A., Raman, T.V.: Accessibility to scientific information by the blind: Dotsplus and ASTER could make it easy. In: Proceedings of the 1994 CSUN Conference on Technology and Persons with Disabilities (Los Angeles). California State University, Northridge (1994)

  13. Batusic, M., Miesenberger, K., Stöger, B.: LABRADOOR, a contribution to making mathematics accessible for the blind. In: Computers and Assistive Technology—6th International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs, ICCHP ’98. München (1998)

  14. Batusic, M., Miesenberger, K., Stöger, B.: Parser for the Marburg Mathematical Braille Notation NIDRR Project: universal math converter. In: Stephanidis, C. (ed.) (189), pp. 1260–1264

  15. Beddoes, M.P., Kanciar, E., George, R.G.: An optical character recogniser for a reading machine for the blind. In: 5th Canadian Medical and Biological Engineering Conference-Digest of papers (1974)

  16. Bennett, D.J., Edwards, A.D.N.: Exploration of non-seen diagrams. In: ICAD’98 International Conference on Auditory Display (Glasgow), eWiC, British Computer Society. http://www.icad.org/Proceedings/1998/BennettEdwards1998.pdf. Retrieved 2009

  17. Benchmarking tools and methods for the web. http://hcid.soi.city.ac.uk/research/Bentoweb.html (2005)

  18. Blades, M., Ungar, S., Spencer, C.: Map using by adults with visual impairments. Prof. Geogr. 51, 539–553 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Blattner, M.M., Sumikawa, D.A., Greenberg, R.M.: Earcons and icons: their structure and common design principles. Hum. Comput. Interact. 4(1), 11–44 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Blenkhorn, P., Evans, G., King, A., Hastuti Kurniawan, S., Sutcliffe, A.: Screen magnifiers: evolution and evaluation. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 23(5), 54–61 (2003)

  21. Braille, L.: Method of writing words, music, and plain songs by means of dots, for use by the blind and arranged for them (1829)

  22. Brewster, S.: The impact of haptic ‘touching’ technology on cultural applications. In: Proceedings of EVA2001 (Glasgow), pp. 1–14 (2001)

  23. Brown, A., Pettifer, S., Stevens, R.: Evaluation of a nonvisual molecule browser. ASSETS 2004. In: The Sixth International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, pp. 40–47 (2004)

  24. Brown, A., Stevens, R., Pettifer, S.: Issues in the nonvisual presentation of graph based diagrams. In: Proceedings of Eighth International Conference on Information Visualisation, pp. 671–676 (2004)

  25. Brown, C.P., Duda, R.O.: An efficient hrtf model for 3-D sound. In: Proceedings of the IEEE ASSP Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics, IEEE (1997)

  26. Brown, L.M., Brewster, S.A., Ramloll, R., Burton, M., Riedel, B.: Design guidelines for audio presentation of graphs and tables. In: ICAD 2003 Workshop on Auditory Displays in Assistive Technologies (University of Boston, MA), Boston University Publications Production Department (2003)

  27. Brugler, J.: Technology for the Optacon, a reading aid for the blind. In: Eurocon 71 digest, p. 2 (1971)

  28. Bucken, R.: Aids for the handicapped. Funkschau 10, p. 36 (1990)

  29. Buczynski, L.: Determination of the combined index of quality of braille printouts and convex copies for the blind. In: Final Program and Proceedings of IS&T’s NIP19: International Conference on Digital Printing Technologies, p. 780 (2003)

  30. Challis, B.P., Edwards, A.D.N.: Design principles for tactile interaction. In: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Haptic Human–Computer Interaction. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2058, pp. 17–24 (2001)

  31. Chang diagram kit: American Printing House for the Blind (2005)

  32. Braille code for chemical notation: Braille Authority of North America (1997)

  33. Chen, X., Yuille, A.L.: Detecting and reading text in natural scenes. Proc. 2004 IEEE Comput. Soc. Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. 2, 366–373 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Cholewiak, R.W., Collins, A.A.: The effects of a plastic-film covering on vibrotactile pattern perception with the Optacon. Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput. 22(1), 21–26 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Colwell, C., Petrie, H.: Evaluation of guidelines for designing accessible World Wide Web pages. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Telematics in the Education of the Visually Handicapped (Paris) (1998)

  36. Committee, C. B. A. E. B. S.: Report on tactile graphics. Canadian Braille Authority (2003)

  37. Code for computer braille notation. Braille Authority of North America (1994)

  38. Computer braille code supplement. Flowchart design for applicable Braille codes. Compiled under the authority of the braille authority of North America adopted October 8, 1991. American Printing House for the Blind (1992)

  39. Cookson, J., Rasmussen, L.: National library service for the blind and physically handicapped: digital plans and progress. Inf. Technol. Disabil. 7(1) (2000)

  40. Cornelis, M., Krikhaar, K.: Guidelines for Describing Study Literature. Federatie Van Nederlandse Blindenbibliotheken, Amsterdam (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Craig, J.C.: Vibrotactile pattern perception: extraordinary observers. Science 196(4288), 450–452 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Crispien, K., Ehrenberg, T.: Evaluation of the “cocktail-party effect” for multiple speech stimuli within a spatial auditory display. J. Audio Eng. Soc. 43(11), 932–941 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Crispien, K., Petrie, H.: The GUIB spatial auditory display: generation of an audio based interface for blind computer users. In: Proceedings of ICAD 94. Santa Fe (1994)

  44. Crombie, D., Dijkstra, S., Schut, E., Lindsay, N.: Spoken music: Enhancing access to music for the print disabled. In: Proceedings of Computers Helping People with Special Needs 8th International Conference, ICCHP 2002. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2398. pp. 667–674 (2002)

  45. Crombie, D., Leeman, A., Oosting, M., Verboom, M.: Unlocking doors: building an accessible online information node. In: Proceedings of Computers Helping People with Special Needs 8th International Conference, ICCHP 2002. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2398. pp. 374–381 (2002)

  46. Cushman, R.-C.: Seeing-eye computers. Creat. Comput. 7(12), 142–145 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Delmonte, R., Mian, G.A., Tisato, G.: A text-to-speech system for Italian. ICASSP 84. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, pp. 2–9 (1984)

  48. Delmonte, R., Mian, G.A., Tisato, G.: A text-to-speech system for unrestricted Italian. In: A.I.C.A. Annual Conference Proceedings, pp. 429–438 (1984)

  49. Derfall, A.: Artificial intelligence as applied to input and output or making computers read and speak. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp. 882–884 (1980)

  50. Dobrisek, S., Gros, J., Vesnicer, B.T., Pavesic, N., Mihelic, F.: Evolution of the information-retrieval system for blind and visually-impaired people. Int. J. Speech Technol. 6(3), 301–309 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Donker, H., Klate, P., Peter, G.: The design of auditory interfaces for blind users. In: Proceedings of NordiCHI 2002 (New York), pp. 149–155. ACM Press, New York (2002)

  52. Dubus, J.-P., Wattrelot, F.: Self governing braille translation automatic system with typewriter keyboard. Nouvel Automatisme 24(6), 31–35 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  53. Duchateau, S., Archambault, D., Burger, D.: The accessibility of the World Wide Web for visually impaired people. In: Proceedings of AA-ATE’99 (5th European Conference for the Advancement of Assistive Technology). http://www.snv.jussieu.fr/inova/publi/aaateacces.htm (1999). Retrieved September 2005

  54. Durre, K.P., Eisele, M.: A computerized Optacon tutor. RESNA ‘87: meeting the challenge. In: Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference on Rehabilitation Technology, pp. 437–439 (1987)

  55. Edwards, A.D.: The MATHS project. http://www.cs.york.ac.uk/maths (2005). Retrieved from September 2005)

  56. Eramian, M., Jürgensen, H., Li, H., Power, C.: Talking tactile diagrams. In: Stephanidis, C. (ed.) (189), pp. 1377–1381

  57. Fellbaum, K., Crispien, K.: Use of acoustic information in screen reader programs for blind computer users: results from TIDE project GUIB. In: Proceedings of the 2nd TIDE Congress, IOS Press, Amsterdam (1995)

  58. Firman, R., Crombie, D.: Miracle: developing a worldwide virtual braille music library. In: Internet Librarian International 2002. Collected Presentations, p. 38 (2002)

  59. Fishman, M., Livni, I.: Alignment and size-normalization in a multi-font optical character recognition system. In: 1977 Electrical and Electronics Engineers in Israel Tenth Convention, pp. 262–266 (1978)

  60. Fjelsted, K.: A time-sharing terminal adapted for use by blind computer users. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences III, pp. 34–37 (1979)

  61. Freitas, D., Ferreira, H.: On the application of W3C Guidelines in Website Design from scratch. In: Stephanidis, C. (ed.) (189), pp. 955–959

  62. Fritz, J.P., Barner, K.E.: Design of a haptic graphing system. In: Proceedings of the RESNA ‘96 Annual Conference Exploring New Horizons. Pioneering the 21st Century, pp. 158–160 (1996)

  63. Fritz, J.P., Barner, K.E.: Design of a haptic data visualization system for people with visual impairments. IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng. 7(3), 372–384 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Fukuda, K., Takagi, H., Maeda, J., Asakawa, C.: An assist method for realizing a Web page structure for blind people. In: Stephanidis, C. (ed.) (189), pp. 960–964

  65. Fukuda, T., Kwok, M.G.: Guidelines for tactile figures and maps. In: Stephanidis, C. (ed.) The Proceedings of HCI International 2005: Universal Access in HCI: Exploring New Interaction Environments, vol. 7. CD-ROM Publication (2005)

  66. Gardner, C., Lundquist, R.: MathPlus ToolBox, a computer application for learning basic math skills. In: Proceedings of the 15th IFIP World Computer Congress, Vienna (1998)

  67. Gardner, J.A.: Tactile graphics, an overview and resource guide. Inf. Technol. Disabil. 3(4) (1996)

  68. Gardner, J.A.: The DotsPlus tactile font set. J. Vis. Impair. Blind. pp. 836–840 (1998)

  69. Gardner, J.A.: The quest for access to science by people with print impairments. Comput. Mediat. Commun. 5(1), 502–507 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  70. Gardner, J.A.: Access by blind students and professionals to mainstream math and science. In: Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs, Linz, Austria (2002)

  71. Gardner, J.A.: Hands-on tutorial on tiger and win-triangle. In: Proceedings of the 2002 CSUN International Conference on Technology and Persons with Disabilities (Los Angeles). http://www.rit.edu/~easi/itd/itdv03n4/article2.htm (2002). Retrieved from September 2005

  72. Gardner, J.A.: DotsPlus Braille tutorial, simplifying communication between sighted and blind people. In: Proceedings of the 2003 CSUN International Conference on Technology and Persons with Disabilities (Los Angeles). http://www.csun.edu/cod/conf/2003/proceedings/284.htm (2003). Retrieved from September 2005

  73. Gardner, J.A., Lundquist, R., Sahyun, S.: Triangle: A tri-modal access program for reading, writing, and doing math. In: Proceedings of the 1998 CSUN International Conference on Technology and Persons with Disabilities (Los Angeles). http://www.csun.edu/cod/conf/1998/proceedings/csun98_104.htm (1998). Retrieved from September 2005

  74. Gardner, J.A., Salinas, N.: Gs braille code. Science Access Project, 2005. http://dots.physics.orst.edu/gs_index.html (2005). Retrieved from September 2005

  75. Gardner, J.A., Stewart, R., Francioni, J., Smith, A.: Tiger, AGC and win-triangle, removing the barrier to SEM education. In: Proceedings of the 2002 CSUN International Conference on Technology and Persons with Disabilities (Los Angeles). http://www.csun.edu/cod/conf/2002/proceedings/299.htm (2002). Retrieved from September 2005

  76. Gardner, W.G.: 3d audio and acoustic environment modeling. Wavearts Incorporated (1999)

  77. Garland, H.T.: Reading with the Optacon: the importance of movement. In: Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology, p. 143 (1973)

  78. Gaver, W.W.: Auditory icons: using sound in computer interfaces. Hum. Comput. Interact. 2(2), 167–177 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Goldhor, R.S., Lund, R.T.: University to industry advanced technology transfer. In: 1980 IEEE Engineering Management Conference Record, pp. 204–208 (1980)

  80. Goldstein Jr., M., Stark, R., Yeni-Komshain, G., Grant, D.: Tactile stimulation as an aid for the deaf in production and reception of speech: preliminary studies. In: 1976 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, pp. 598–601 (1976)

  81. Guo, H., Karshmer, A., Weaver, C., Mendez, J., Geiger, S.: Computer processing of Nemeth Braille math code. In: Vollmar, R., Wagner, R. (eds.) The Proceedings of Computers Helping People with Special Needs 2000 (Austria). OCG Press, USA (2000)

  82. Hankinson, J.C.K., Edwards, A.D.N.: Designing earcons with musical grammars. SIGCAPH Newslett. 65, 16–20 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  83. Haynes, R.L.: An automated braille translation system. In: 1971 WESCON Technical Papers. Western Electronic Show and Convention (San Francisco), pp. 30–32 1971

  84. Hughes, R.G., Forrest, A.R.: Perceptualisation using a tactile mouse. Proc. Vis. 96, 181–188 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  85. Hussey, S.R.: Mathematical Notation. The Halifax Code. Fraser School, Halifax (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  86. Ikei, Y., Wakamatsu, K., Fukuda, S.: Vibratory tactile display of image-based textures. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 17(6), 53–61 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  87. Ina, S.: Development of 2D tactile graphics editor and printing system for document with braille and graphics. In: Transactions of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers D-II J77D-II, vol. 10, pp. 1973–1983 (1994)

  88. Ina, S.: Development of 2D tactile graphics editor and printing system for document with braille and graphics. In: Transactions of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers D-II J77D-II, vol. 10, pp. 1973–1983 (1999)

  89. Jacko, J.A., Barreto, A.B., Scott, I.U., Chu, J.Y.M., Vitense, H.S., Conway, F.T., Fain, W.B.: Macular degeneration and visual icon use: deriving guidelines for improved access. Univ. Access Inf. Soc. 1(3), 197–206 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Jacko, J.A., Rosa, R.H.J., Scott, I.U., Pappas, C.J., Dixon, M.A.: Visual impairment: the use of visual profiles in evaluations of icon use in computer-based tasks. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact 12(1), 151–164 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Jacko, J.A., Sears, A.: Designing interfaces for an overlooked user group: considering the visual profiles of partially sighted users. In: Proceedings of ASSETS’98. Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies, pp. 75–77 (1998)

  92. Jansson, G., Billberger, K., Petrie, H., Colwell, C., Kornbrot, D., Fanger, J., Konig, H., Hardwick, A., Furner, S.: Haptic virtual environments for blind people: exploratory experiments with two devices. Int. J. Virtual Real. 4(1), 10–20 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  93. Jansson, G., Larsson, K.: Identification of haptic virtual objects with different degrees of complexity. In: Proceedings of Eurohaptics 2002, pp. 57–60 (2002)

  94. Jürgensen, H.: Tactile computer graphics. Manuscript, 48 pp. (1996)

  95. Jürgensen, H., Power, C.: An application framework for the presentation of tactile documents. In: Stephanidis, C. (ed.) Universal Access in HCI: Exploring New Interaction Environments, vol. 7. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, London, CD-ROM Publication (2005)

  96. Kaczmarek, K., Bach-y Rita, P., Tompkins, W.J., Webster, J.G.A.: Tactile vision-substitution system for the blind: computer-controlled partial image sequencing. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng BME 32(8), 602–608 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  97. Kaczmarek, K.A., Bach-y Rita, P., Tompkins, W.J., Webster, J.G.: A time-division multiplexed tactile vision substitution system. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Biosensors (Cat. No. 84CH2068-5), pp. 101–106 (1984)

  98. Kamentsky, L.: The kurzweil reading machine: current developments. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Workshop on Computers in the Education and Employment of the Handicapped, pp. 97–100 (1983)

  99. Karshmer, A., Gupta, G., Geiger, S., Weaver, C.: Reading and writing mathematics: the mavis project. Behav. Inf. Technol. 18(1), 2–10 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  100. Karshmer, A.I., Gillan, D.: How well can we read equations to blind mathematics students: some answers from psychology. In: Stephanidis, C. (ed.) (189), pp. 1290–1294 (1998)

  101. Kerscher, G.: Daisy consortium: information technology for the world’s blind and print-disabled population-past, present, and into the future. Libr. Hi. Tech. 19(1), 11–14 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Kimbrough, B.T.: Daisy on our desktops? a review of lpplayer 2.4. Libr. Hi. Tech. 19(1), 32–34 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Klatzky, R.L., Lederman, S.J.: Toward a computational model of constraint driven exploration and haptic object identification. Perception 22, 591–621 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Kurzweil, R.: The kurzweil reading machine: the complete personal reading machine for the blind. In: Proceedings of the Fifteenth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 1982, pp. 727–731 (1982)

  105. Landau, S.: Tactile graphics: strategies for non-visual seeing. Thresholds (1999)

  106. Landau, S., Gourgey, K.: Development of a talking tactile tablet. Inf. Technol. Disabil. 7(2). http://www.rit.edu/~easi/itd/itdv07.htm (2001)

  107. Larkin, J.H., Simon, H.A.: Why a diagram is (sometimes) worth ten thousand words. Cogn. Sci. 11, 65–99 (1987)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Lasko-Harvill, A., Harvill, Y., Steele, R., Hennies, D., Verplank, W., MacConnell, B.: Audio and tactile feedback strategies for tracking. RESNA ‘87: meeting the challenge. In: Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference on Rehabilitation Technology, pp. 459–461 (1987)

  109. Lecuyer, A., Mobuchon, P., Megard, C., Perret, J., Andriot, C., Colinot, J.-P.: Homere: a multimodal system for visually impaired people to explore virtual environments. In: Proceedings IEEE Virtual Reality 2003, pp. 251–258 (2003)

  110. Lederman, S.J., Abbott, S.: Texture perception: studies of intersensory organization using a discrepancy paradigm and visual versus tactual psychophysics. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 7(4), 902–915 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Lederman, S.J., Klatzky, R.L.: Designing haptic and multi-modal interfaces: a cognitive scientist’s perspective. In: Farber, G., Hoogen, J. (eds.) Proceedings of Collaborative Research Centre, vol. 453, pp. 71–80. Technical University of Munich, Munich (2001)

  112. Lee, S.: Effect of the field-of-view against target ratio in haptic exploration. Design of computing systems: cognitive considerations. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction (HCI International ‘97), vol. 1, pp. 595–598 (1997)

  113. Leimann, E., Schulze, H.-H.: Earcons and icons: an experimental study. Human–computer interaction. Interaction 95, 49–54 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  114. Lerner, E.J.: Products that talk [computers]. IEEE Spectr 19(7), 32–37 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  115. Lokki, T., Gröhn, M.: Navigation with auditory cues in a virtual environment. In: IEEE MultiMedia, pp. 80–86 (2005)

  116. Luk, R., Yeung, D., Lu, Q., Leung, E., Li, S. Y., Leung, F.: Digital library access for chinese visually impaired. ACM 2000. Digital Libraries. In: Proceedings of the Fifth ACM Conference on Digital Libraries, pp. 244–245 (2000)

  117. Luk, R.W.P., Yeung, D.S., Lu, Q., Leung, H.L., Li, S.Y., Leung, F.: Asab: a chinese screen reader. Softw Pract Exp 33(3), 201–219 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  118. Lundquist, R., Barry, W.A., Gardner, J.A.: Scientific reading and writing by blind people-technologies of the future. In: Proceedings of the 1995 CSUN Conference on Technology and Persons with Disabilities, Los Angeles, CA (1995)

  119. Lytle, F.: Wordperfect 7 macros for translation of Nemeth Braille. Personal Correspondence (2004)

  120. Magnusson, C., Rassmus-Gröhn, K., Sjöström, C., Danielsson, H.: Navigation and recognition in complex haptic virtual environments—reports from an extensive study with blind users. In: Proceedings of Eurohaptics. http://www.eurohaptics.vision.ee.ethz.ch/2002.shtml (2002)

  121. Martial, O., Dufresne, A.: Audicon: easy access to graphical user interfaces for blind persons-designing for and with people. Human–computer interaction. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction (HCI International ‘93), pp. 808–813 (1993)

  122. Mates, B.: CD-rom: reference format for the visually impaired and physically handicapped. Computers in Libraries ‘90. In: Proceedings of the 5th Annual Computers in Libraries Conference, pp. 113–116 (1990)

  123. McConnell, B.: The handicapped: a low cost braille printer. Creat. Comput. 8(10), 186–188 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  124. McKnight, S., Melder, N., Barrow, A.L., Harwin, W.S., Wann, J.: Psychophysical size discrimination using multi-fingered haptic interfaces. In: Proceedings of Eurohaptics 2004. CD-ROM Publication (2004)

  125. McKnight, S., Melder, N., Barrow, A.L., Harwin, W.S., Wann, J.P.: Perceptual cues for orientation in a two finger haptic grasp task. In: Proceedings of the First Joint Eurohaptics Conference and Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems, pp. 549–550. IEEE (2005)

  126. McLaughlin, M.L., Sukhatme, G., Shahabi, C.: The haptic museum. In: Proceedings of the EVA 2000 Conference on Electric Imaging and Visual Arts (2000)

  127. Melen, R.D.: A one-hand Optacon. 1973 WESCON technical papers. West. Electron. Show Conv. 17, 7–13 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  128. Melen, R.D., Meindl, J.D.: Electrocutaneous stimulation in a reading aid for the blind. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 18(1), 1–3 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  129. Melen, R.D., Meindl, J.D.: A transparent electrode ccd image sensor for a reading aid for the blind. IEEE J. Solid State Circ. SC 9(1), 41–49 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  130. Melton, L.: Mister impossible: ray kurzweil. Comput. Electron 22(7), 40–45 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  131. METEC: Braille-großdisplay dmd 120060. Ingenieur-Gesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  132. Miller, C.: Multimedia statistical diagrams. Undergraduate thesis, The University of Western Ontario (1996)

  133. Minamino, T.: Canon’s activity on computer devices for the disabled. In: Proceedings of the IISF/ACM Japan International Symposium. Computers as our Better Partners, pp. 154–155 (1994)

  134. Morgan, G.: A word in your ear: library services for print disabled readers in the digital age. Electron. Libr. 21(3), 234–239 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  135. Morley, S.: Digital talking books on a pc: a usability evaluation of the prototype daisy playback software. Inf. Technol. Disabil. 7(1). http://www.rit.edu/~easi/itd/itdv07.htm (2000). Retrieved from September 2005

  136. Morley, S., Petrie, H., O’Neill, A.-M., McNally, P.: The use of non-speech sounds in a hypermedia interface for blind users. In: Edwards, A.D.N., Arató, A., Zagler W.L. (eds.) Proceedings of ICCHP 98 (Vienna), Austrian Computer Society Book Series, vol. 118, pp. 205–214. Austrian Computer Society (1998)

  137. Muhlbacher, S., Buschbeck, F.: Reading device for visually handicapped persons. Computers for Handicapped Persons, pp. 163–171 (1989)

  138. Nara, T., Takasaki, M., Maeda, T., Higuchi, T., Ando, S., Tachi, S.: Surface acoustic wave tactile display. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 21(6), 56–63 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  139. Nemec, V., Mikovec, Z., Slavik, P.: Adaptive navigation of visually impaired users in a virtual environment on the World Wide Web. Universal Access. Theoretical perspectives, practice, and experience. In: 7th ERCIM International Workshop on User Interfaces for All. Revised Papers. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2615, pp. 68–79 (2003)

  140. Nemec, V., Sporka, A., Slavik, P.: Haptic and spatial audio based navigation of visually impaired users in virtual environment using low cost devices. User-centered interaction paradigms for universal access in the information society. In: 8th ERCIM Workshop on User Interfaces for all. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3196, pp. 452–459 (2004)

  141. Nemeth, A.: The Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics and Science Notation, 1972 Revision. American Printing House for the Blind, Louisville (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  142. Niederst, J.: Web Design in a Nutshell, 2nd edn. O’Reilly and Associates, Sebastopol (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  143. Nielson, G., Harvey, G.: Interactive talking books for the blind on CD-rom. In: Proceedings of the Johns Hopkins National Search for Computing Applications to Assist Persons with Disabilities, pp. 181–184 (1992)

  144. Ohuchi, M., Iwaya, Y., Suzuki, Y., Munekata, T.: Cognitive map formation of blind persons in a virtual sound environment. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Auditory Display (2006)

  145. O’Malley, M.H., Larkin, D.K., Peters, E.W.: Beyond the reading machine: what the next generation of intelligent text-to-speech systems should do for the user. In: Official Proceedings of SPEECH TECH ‘86. Voice Input/Output Applications Show and Conference, pp. 216–219 (1986)

  146. Omotayo, O.R.: Converting text into speech in real time with microcomputers. Microprocess. Microsyst. 8(9), 481–487 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  147. Palmer, B., Pontelli, E.: Experiments in translating and navigating digital formats for mathematics-a progress report. In: Stephanidis, C. (ed.) (189), pp. 1320–1324

  148. Pavesic, N., Gros, J., Dobrisek, S., Mihelic, F.: Homer ii-man–machine interface to internet for blind and visually impaired people. Comput. Commun. 26(5), 438–443 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  149. Penn, P., Petrie, H., Colwell, C., Kornbrot, D., Furner, S., Hardwick, A.: The haptic perception of texture in virtual environments: an investigation with two devices. In: First International Workshop: Haptic Human–Computer Interaction, pp. 92–97 (2000)

  150. Petrie, H., Colwell, C., Evenepoel, F.: Tools to assist authors in creating accessible World Wide Web pages. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Telematics in the Education of the Visually Handicapped, Paris. http://www.snv.jussieu.fr/inova/publi/ntevh/ntevh_ang.htm (2005)

  151. Petrie, H., Fisher, W., O’Neill, A.-M., di Segni, Y., Pyfers, L., Gladstone, K., Rundle, C., van den Eijnde, O., Weber, G.: Navigation in multimedia documents for print disabled readers. In: Stephanidis, C. (ed.) (189), pp. 1457–1461

  152. Petrie, H., Harrison, C., Dev, S.: Describing images on the web: a survey of current practice and prospects for the future. In: Stephanidis, C. (ed.) Universal Access in HCI: Exploring New Dimensions of Diversity, vol. 8. LEA. CD-ROM Publication (2005)

  153. Petrie, H., Morley, S.: The use of non-speech sounds in non-visual interfaces to the MS-windows GUI for blind computer users. In: ICAD’98 International Conference on Auditory Display (Glasgow), eWiC, British Computer Society (1998). http://ewic.bcs.org/conferences/1998/auditory/papers/paper22.htm (2005)

  154. Petrie, H., Morley, S., McNally, P., Graziani, P., Emiliani, P.L.: Access to hypermedia systems for blind students. In: Burger, D. (ed.) New technologies in the education of the visually handicapped. INSERM/John Libbey Eurotext (1996)

  155. Plummer, J.D., Meindl, J.D.: Mos electronics for a reading aid for the blind. 1970 IEEE Int. Solid State Circ. Conf., pp. 168–169 (1970)

  156. Plummer, J.D., Meindl, J.D.: A reading aid for the blind using mos electronics. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology (1970)

  157. Plummer, J.D., Meindl, J.D.: Mos electronics for a portable reading aid for the blind. IEEE J. Solid State Circ. SC, pp. 111–119 (1972)

  158. Poh, S.-P.: Talking diagrams. Master’s thesis. Also technical report No. 459, The University of Western Ontario (1995)

  159. Pontelli, E., Xiong, W., Gupta, G., Karshmer, A.I.: A domain specific language framework for non-visual browsing of complex HTML structures. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies, New York. ACM Press, New York, pp. 180–187 (2000)

  160. Portele, T., Kramer, J.: Adapting a TTS system to a reading machine for the blind. In: Proceedings ICSLP 96. Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (Cat. No.96TH8206), vol. 1, pp. 184–187 (1996)

  161. Preddy, M., Gardner, J., Sahyun, S., Skrivanek, D.: Dotsplus: how-to make tactile figures and tactile formatted math. In: Proceedings of the 1997 CSUN Conference on Technology and Persons with Disabilities, Los Angeles. http://www.csun.edu/cod/conf/1997/proceedings/csun97.htm (1997)

  162. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Tactile Diagrams, Maps and Pictures, Hatfield. http://www.nctd.org/Conference/Conf2002/Programme.asp (2002)

  163. Raman, T.: Speech-enabling the semantic WWW. http://emacspeak.sourceforge.net/publications/semantic-www.html (2005)

  164. Raman, T.V.: Audio System for Technical Readings. Ph.D. thesis. Appeared also as Technical Report TR 941408 and Spoken on Tape Cornell University (1994)

  165. Raman, T.V.: Emacspeak: a speech-enabling interface. Dr. Dobb’s J. 22(9), 18–23 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  166. Rangin, H.B., Barry, W.A., Gardner, J.A., Lundquist, R., Preddy, M., Salinas, N.: Scientific reading and writing by blind people-technologies of the future. In: Proceedings of the 1996 CSUN, in Conference on Technology and Persons with Disabilities, Los Angeles (1996)

  167. Reed, C., Lederman, S.J., Klatzky, R.L.: Haptic integration of planar size with hardness, texture, planar contour. Can. J. Psychol. 44(4), 522–545 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  168. Rnib embosser list. http://www.rnib.org.uk/xpedio/groups/public/documents/PublicWebsite/public_rnib002980.hcsp (2005)

  169. Roberts, J.: NIST Refreshable Tactile Graphic Display: a new low-cost technology. In: Proceedings of the 2004 CSUN Conference on Technology and Persons with Disabilities, Los Angeles. California State University, Northridge. http://www.csun.edu/cod/conf/2004/proceedings/csun04.htm (2004)

  170. Rosen, L., Jaeggin, R.B., Ho, P.W.: Enabling blind and visually impaired library users: in magic and adaptive technologies. Libr. Hi. Tech. 9(3), 45–61 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  171. Roth, P., Giess, C., Petrucci, L., Pun, T.: Adapting haptic game devices for non-visual graph rendering. In: Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on HCI: Universal Access, pp. 977–981 (2001)

  172. Rothberg, M., Wlodkowski, T.: CD-roms for math and science. Information Technology and Disabilities, vol. 5. http://www.rit.edu/~easi/itd/itdv05.htm (1998)

  173. Sahyun, S., Gardner, J., Gardner, C.: Audio and haptic access to math and science -audio graphs, triangle, the mathplus toolbox, and the tiger printer. In: Proceedings of the 15th IFIP World Computer Congress, Vienna (1998)

  174. Salsbury, P.J.: A monolithic image sensor for a reading aid for the blind. In: Solid State Sensors Symposium, pp. 29–32 (1970)

  175. Sánchez, J., Flores, H.: Memory enhancement through audio. In: Proceedings of ACM ASSETS. ACM Press, New York, pp. 24–31 (2004)

  176. Savoie, R., Erickson, P.: Experimental simulation of an optical character recognition speech output reading machine for the blind. SIGCAPH Newslett. 24(10), 30–35 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  177. Schweikhardt, W.: LAMBDA: a European system to access mathematics with braille and audio synthesis. In: Miesenberger, K., Klaus, J., Zagler, W., Karshmer, A. (eds.) Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs ICCHP, no. 4061. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, Heidelberg (2006)

  178. Scoy, F.L.V., Kawai, T., Fullmer, A., Stamper, K., Wojciechowska, I., Perez, A., Vargas, J., Martinez, S.: The sound and touch of mathematics: a prototype system. In: Proceedings of the Phantom Users Group (2001). http://www.cs.sandia.gov/SEL/conference/pug01/papers.htm. Retrieved from September 2005

  179. Sef, T., Gams, M.: Speaker (govorec): a complete Slovenian text-to-speech system. Int. J. Speech. Tech. pp. 277–287 (2003)

  180. Shinohara, M.: Vocal character reader for persons with disabled sight. J. Acoust. Soc. Jpn. 43(5), 336–343 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  181. Siegfried, R.: A scripting language to help the blind to program visually. SIGPLAN notices, vol. 37, pp. 53–56 (2002)

  182. Slaby, W.: A universal braille translator. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Pisa (1973)

  183. Slaby, W.A.: Automatische Übersetzung in blindenkurzschrift. EDV in Medizin und Biologie 5, 111–116 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  184. Slaby, W.A.: Automatische Erzeugung formaler Übersetzungssysteme aus endlichen Mengen von Beispielen. Tech. Rep. 24, Rechenzentrum, Universität Münster, Schriftenreihe (1977)

  185. Sodren, P., Semwal, S.K.: Haptic help for orientation in unknown environments. In: Stephanidis, C. (ed.) (189), pp. 1330–1334

  186. Splett, J.: Linguistische Probleme bei der automatischen Produktion der deutschen Blindenkurzschrift. Z. Dialektologie und Linguistik (1973)

  187. Steele, E.L., Puckett, R.E.: Enhancement of grade 2 braille translation. Papers presented at the Western electronic show and convention, pp. 30–34 (1971)

  188. Stein, B.K.: The optacon: Past, present, and future. DIGITEYES: The Computer Users’ Network News (1998)

  189. Stephanidis, C. (ed.): Universal Access in HCI: Inclusive design in the information society, vol. 4. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah (2003)

  190. Stevens, R., Wright, P., Edwards, A.D.N.: Strategy and prosody in listening to algebra. In: Adjunct Proceedings of HCI’95: people and computers, Huddersfield, British Computer Society, pp. 160–166 (1995)

  191. Stevens, R.D.: Principle for the design of auditory interfaces to present complex information to blind computer users. Ph.D. thesis, The University of York, UK (1996)

  192. Stevens, R.D., Edwards, A.D.N.: An approach to the evaluation of assistive technology. In: Proceedings of Assets ’96, ACM, pp. 64–71 (1996)

  193. Stevens, R.D., Wright, P.C., Edwards, A.D.N., Brewster, S.A.: An audio glance at syntactic structure based on spoken form. In: Interdisciplinary Aspects on Computers Helping People with Special Needs. 5th International Conference, ICCHP ’96 (2), pp. 627–635 (1996)

  194. Stone, R.J.: Haptic feedback: a potted history, from telepresence to virtual reality. http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~stephen/workshops/haptic/papers/stone.pdf (2005)

  195. Sully, P.: Alone with a book. Nat. Electron. Rev. 18, 9–12 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  196. Tactile graphics starter kit. American Printing House for the Blind (2005)

  197. Tornil, B., Baptiste-Jessel, N.: Use of force feedback pointing devices for blind users. User-Centered Interaction Paradigms for Universal Access in the Information Society. In: 8th ERCIM Workshop on User Interfaces for all. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3196, pp. 479–485 (2004)

  198. Truillet, P., Vigouroux, N.: Multimodal presentation of html documents for blind using extended cascading style sheets. In: Proceedings of the 9th WWW conference, Foretec Seminars, Inc. http://www9.org/final-posters/4/poster4.html (2000)

  199. Tyler, M., Haase, S., Kaczmarek, K., Bach-y Rita, P.: Development of an electrotactile glove for display of graphics for the blind: preliminary results. In: Conference Proceedings. Second Joint EMBS-BMES Conference 2002. 24th Annual International Conference of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Fall Meeting of the Biomedical Engineering Society (Cat. No.02CH37392). vol. 3, pp. 2439–2440

  200. Tzoukermann, E.: Issues in French text-to-speech synthesis. J. Acoust Soc. Am. 95, 2816 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  201. Tzoukermann, E.: Text-to-speech for french. In: The Proceedings of the ESCA Workshop on speech synthesis (1994)

  202. Ungar, S.: Cognitive mapping without visual experience (2000)

  203. Ungar, S., Blades, M., Spencer, C.: The role of tactile maps in mobility training. Br. J. Vis. Impair. 11, 59–62 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  204. Ungar, S., Blades, M., Spencer, C.: Mental rotation of a tactile layout by young visually impaired children. Perception 24, 891–900 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  205. Ungar, S., Blades, M., Spencer, C.: Visually impaired children’s strategies for memorizing a map. Br. J. Vis Impair, pp. 27–32 (1995)

  206. Ungar, S., Blades, M., Spencer, C.: The ability of visually impaired children to locate themselves on a tactile map. J. Vis. Impair. Blind. 90, 526–535 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  207. Ungar, S., Blades, M., Spencer, C.: Can blind and visually impaired people read tilted braille labels? In: Proceedings of the Maps and Diagrams for Blind and Visually-impaired People: Needs, Solutions, Developments, Ljubljana, International Cartographic Association (1996)

  208. Ungar, S., Blades, M., Spencer, C.: The construction of cognitive maps by children with visual impairments. In: Portugali, J. (ed.) The construction of cognitive maps. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 247–273 (1996)

  209. Ungar, S., Blades, M., Spencer, C.: The use of tactile maps to aid navigation by blind and visually impaired people in unfamiliar urban environments. In: Proceedings of the Royal Institute of Navigation, Orientation and Navigation Conference, Oxford, Royal Institute of Navigation (1996)

  210. Ungar, S., Blades, M., Spencer, C.: Strategies for knowledge acquisition from cartographic maps by blind and visually impaired adults. Cartogr. J. 34, 93–110 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  211. Ungar, S., Blades, M., Spencer, C.: Teaching visually impaired children to make distance judgements from a tactile map. J. Vis. Impair. Blind. 91, 221–233 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  212. Ungar, S., Blades, M., Spencer, C.: Can a tactile map facilitate learning of related information by blind and visually impaired people? a test of the conjoint retention hypothesis. In: Proceedings of Thinking with Diagrams ’98, Aberystwyth, University of Aberystwyth (1998)

  213. Ungar, S., Blades, M., Spencer, C.: The effect of orientation on braille reading by blind and visually impaired people: the role of context. J. Vis. Impair. Blind. 92, 454–463 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  214. Ungar, S., Blades, M., Spencer, C., Morsley, K.: Can visually impaired children use tactile maps to estimate directions? J. Vis. Impair. Blind. 88, 221–233 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  215. Ungar, S., Espinosa, A., Blades, M., Ochaíta, E., Spencer, C.: Blind and visually impaired people using tactile maps. Cartogr. Perspect. 28, 4–12 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  216. Vayda, A.J., Whalen, M.P., Hepp, D.J., Gillies, A.M.: A contextual reasoning system for the interpretation of machine printed address block images. Proceedings. In: Second Annual Symposium on Document Analysis and Information Retrieval, pp. 429–441 (1993)

  217. Viewplus technologies. Online Product Web Site Retrieved from http://www.viewplustech.com/ (2002)

  218. Vincent, A.T.: Talking basic and talking braille: two applications of synthetic speech. Comput. Educ. 45(11), 10–12 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  219. W3C:WAI. Policies relating to web accessibility. http://www.w3.org/WAI/ (2005)

  220. Wall, S., Brewster, S.: Feeling What You Hear: Tactile Feedback for Navigation of Audio Graphs. In: CHI 2006 Proceedings, ACM Press, New York, pp. 1123–1132 (2006)

  221. Walsh, P., Gardner, J.A.: Tiger: A new age of tactile text and graphics. In: Proceedings of the 2001 CSUN International Conference on Technology and Persons with Disabilities, Los Angeles (2001)

  222. Watanabe, T.: Bep; Japanese and English text-to-speech system for the Japanese visually impaired and their usage of computer with speech output. Joho Shori 43(8), 873–879 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  223. Watanabe, T., Okada, S., Ifukube, T.: Development of a cd-rom books vocalizing system for blind persons in a gui environment. Trans. Inst. Electron. Info. Commun. Eng. D-I J82D-I 4(4), 589–592 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  224. Way, T.P., Barner, K.E.: Automatic visual to tactile translation—part I: human factors, access methods, and image manipulation. IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng. 5(1), 81–94 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  225. Way, T.P., Barner, K.E.: Automatic visual to tactile translation—part II: human factors, access methods, and image manipulation. IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng. 5(1), 81–94 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  226. Williams, T.T., Lambert, R.M., White, C.W.: Interactive braille output for blind computer users. Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput. 17, 265–267 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  227. Wood, S.L., Marks, P., Pearlman, J.: A segmentation algorithm for ocr application to low resolution images. In: Conference Record of the Fourteenth Asilomar Conference on Circuits, Systems and Computers, pp. 411–415 (1980)

  228. Woolfson, L.: Braille translation by computer. Microprocess. Softw. Q. 10(2), 44–46 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  229. Yanagisawa, S., Yonezawa, Y., Ito, K., Hashimoto, M.: A high-density and high-speed tactile display panel using passive-writing method. J. Inst. Image. Elect. Eng. Jpn. 33(1), 19–26 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  230. Yesilada, Y., Stevens, R., Goble, C., Hussein, S.: Rendering tables in audio: the interaction of structure and reading styles. ASSETS 2004. In: The Sixth International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, pp. 16–23 (2004)

  231. Yonezawa, Y., Hattori, H., Itoh, K.: A method of nonimpact braille printer by electro-thermosensitive process. In: Transactions of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers C J70C, pp. 1545–1552 (1987)

  232. York, B., Karshmer, A.: Tools to support blind programmers. In: Seventeenth Annual ACM Computer Science Conference, pp. 5–11 (1989)

  233. Yu, W., Brewster, S.: Comparing two haptic interfaces for multimodal graph rendering. In: Proceedings 10th Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems. HAPTICS, pp. 3–9 (2002)

  234. Yu, W., Brewster, S.: Evaluation of multimodal graphs for blind people. J. Univ. Access. Info. Soc. (2003)

  235. Yu, W., Kangas, K., Brewster, S.: Web-based haptic applications for blind people to create virtual graphs. In: Proceedings 11th Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems. HAPTICS, pp. 318–325 (2003)

  236. Yu, W., Ramloll, R., Brewster, S., Ridel, B.: Exploring computer-generated line graphs through virtual touch. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Signal Processing and its Applications (Cat. No. 01EX467), vol. 1, pp. 72–5 (2001)

  237. Zajicek, M., Powell, C.: Building a conceptual model of the World Wide Web for visually impaired users. In: Proceedings of the Ergonomics Society, Annual Conference, Grantham (1997)

  238. Zajicek, M., Powell, C.: The use of information rich words and abridged language to orientate users to the World Wide Web. In: IEEE Colloquium on Prospects for Spoken Language Technology (Digest no. 1997/138), pp. 7–11 (1997)

  239. Zajicek, M., Powell, C., Reeves, C.: Evaluation of a World Wide Web scanning interface for blind and visually impaired users. In: Proceedings of HCI International ’99, Munich. http://www.brookes.ac.uk/speech/publications/65_hciin.htm (2005)

  240. Zandifar, A., Duraiswami, R., Chahine, A., Davis, L.: A video based interface to textual information for the visually impaired. In: Proceedings Fourth IEEE International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces, pp. 325–330 (2002)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christopher Power.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Power, C., Jürgensen, H. Accessible presentation of information for people with visual disabilities. Univ Access Inf Soc 9, 97–119 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-009-0164-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-009-0164-1

Keywords

Navigation