Abstract
Linearity and input separability assumptions are pervasive in most nonprofit cost and performance measurement systems. In this paper, we employ both parametric and nonparametric econometric methodologies to test the linearity and input separability assumptions using data collected from the Minnesota independent school districts. Our test results reject both the assumptions for the Minnesota independent school districts. These findings suggest a need to develop alternative procedures that do not rely on these two pervasive assumptions if the information provided by not-for-profit performance measurement systems is to be relevant for decision making and performance evaluation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Banker, R. D. (1993). Maximum likelihood, consistency and data envelopment analysis. Management Science, 1265–1273.
Banker, R. D., & Johnston, H. (1993). An empirical study of cost drivers in the US airline industry. The Accounting Review, 576–601.
Banker, R. D., Charnes, A., & Cooper, W. W. (1984). Models for the estimation of technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis. Management Science, 30, 1078–1092.
Banker, R. D., Hwang, I., & Mishra, B. (2002). Product costing and pricing under long-term capacity commitment. Journal of Management Accounting Research.
Banker, R. D., Chang, H., & Cunningham, C. (2003). The public accounting industry production function. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 35, 255–281.
Banker, R. D., Jankiramanan, S., & Natarajan, R. (2004). Analysis of trends in technical and allocative efficiency: an application to Texas public school districts. European Journal of Operational Research, 477–491.
Banker, R. D., Chang, H., & Lee, L. (2010). Differential impact of Korean banking system reforms on bank productivity. Journal of Banking and Finance, 34, 1450–1460.
Barlev, B., & Callen, J. (1986). Total factor productivity and cost variances: survey and analysis. Journal of Accounting Literature, 35–56.
Berndt, E. (1991). The practice of econometrics: classic and contemporary. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
Bogetoft, P. (1994). Incentive efficient production frontiers: an agency perspective on DEA. Management Science, 959–968.
Callen, J. L. (1988). An index number theory of accounting cost variances. Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 89–112.
Callan, S., & Santerre, R. (1990). The production characteristics of local public education: a multiple product and input analysis. Southern Economic Journal, 468–480.
Callen, J. L., Klein, A., & Tinkleman, D. (2003). Board composition committees and organizational efficiency: the case of nonprofits. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 32(4), 493–520.
Caves, D., & Christensen, L. (1980). Global properties of flexible functional form. American Economics Review, 422–432.
Chang, H., & Mashruwala, R. (2006). Was the bell system a natural monopoly? An application of data envelopment analysis. Annals of Operations Research, 251–263.
Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., & Rhodes, E. (1981). Evaluating program and managerial efficiency: an application of data envelopment analysis to program follow through. Management Science, 668–697.
Christensen, J., & Demski, J. (1995). The classical foundations of modern costing. Management Accounting Research, 13–32.
Christensen, L. R., Cummings, C., & Schoech, P. (1983). Econometric estimation of scale Economies in telecommunications. In L. Courville, A. de Fontenay, & R. Dobell (Eds.), Economic analysis of telecommunications: theory and applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science/North-Holland.
Cohn, E., Rhine, S., & Santos, M. (1989). Institution of higher education as multi-product firms: economies of scale and scope. Review of Economics and Statistics, 284–290.
Darrough, M. N. (1988). Variance analysis: a unifying cost function approach. Contemporary Accounting Research, 199–221.
Emrouznejad, A., & Banker, R. (2010). Efficiency and productivity: theory and applications. Annals of Operations Research, 137(1), 1–3.
Freeman, R., & Shoulders, T. (2003). Government and nonprofit accounting. New York: Prentice Hall.
Gong, B., & Sickles, R. (1992). Finite sample evidence on the performance of stochastic frontier and data envelopment analysis using panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 259–284.
Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) (1987). Concepts statement No. 1: objectives of financial reporting. Stamford. CT.
Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) (1989). Service efforts and accomplishments: its time has come. Stamford. CT.
Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) (2005). Government service efforts and accomplishments performance reports: a guide to understanding. Norwalk. CT.
Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) (2007). GASB adds project on performance reporting (www.gasb.org).
Grosskopf, S., Hayes, K., Taylor, E., & Weber, W. (1999). Anticipating the consequence of school reform: a new use of DEA. Management Science, 608–620.
Gyimah-Brempong, K., & Gyapong, A. (1992). Elasticities of factor substitution in the production of education. Economics of Education Review, 205–217.
Hanushek, E. (1986). The Economics of schooling: production and efficiency in public schools. Journal of Economic Literature, 1141–1177.
Hayes, R. D., & Millar, J. (1990). Measuring production efficiency in a non-profit setting. The Accounting Review, 505–519.
Hotakainen, R., Smetanka, M., & Freeborn, D. (1995). Where does school money go? Star Tribune, 21, 1–6.
Joumady, O., & Ris, C. (2005). Performance in European higher education: a non-parametric production frontier approach. Education Economics, 189–205.
Maher, M., Lanen, W., & Rajan, M. (2006). Fundamentals of cost accounting. Irwin.
Management Assistance Center of the Minnesota Department of Education (1993). Organization alternatives report.
Mensah, Y. M., & Li, S. (1993). Measuring production efficiency in a not-for-profit setting: an extension. The Accounting Review, 66–88.
Minnesota Department of Education (1997–2000). School district profiles.
Minnesota Department of Education Web page http://departmentresults.state.mn.us/mde/index.html.
Minnesota State Planning Agency (1993). School district rankings. Datanet Online Information.
Mizala, A., Romaguera, P., & Farren, D. (2002). The technical efficiency of schools in Chile. Applied Economics, 1533–1552.
Noreen, E., & Soderstrom, N. (1994). Are overhead costs strictly proportional to activity: evidence from hospital service departments. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 255–278.
Office of the Legislative Auditor. (1993). Program evaluation update. School District Financial Reporting. State of Minnesota. June 23.
Ouellette, P., & Vierstraete, V. (2010). Malmquist indexes with quasi-fixed inputs: an application to school districts in Quebec. Annals of Operations Research, 173(1), 57–76.
Ray, S. (1991). Resource-use efficiency in public schools: a study of Connecticut data. Management Science, 1620–1628.
Schmidt, P. (1976). On the statistical estimation of parametric frontier production functions. Review of Economics and Statistics, 238–239.
Sengupta, J. K., & Sfeir, R. (1986). Production frontier estimates of scale in public schools in California. Economics of Education Review, 297–307.
Shephard, R. W. (1970). Theory of cost and production functions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Smet, M., & Nonneman, W. (1998). Economies of scale and scope in Flemish secondary school. Applied Economics, 30, 1251–1258.
Zellner, A., Kmenta, J., & Dreze, J. (1966). Specification and estimation of Cobb-Douglas production function models. Econometrica, 785–795.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Banker, R.D., Chang, H. & Feroz, E.H. Performance measurement in nonprofit governance: an empirical study of the Minnesota independent school districts. Ann Oper Res 221, 47–71 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-011-0836-0
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-011-0836-0