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An integrated tri-level model for enhancing the resilience of facilities against intentional attacks

  • S.I.:Applications of OR in Disaster Relief Operations
  • Published:
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Abstract

It is paramount to enhance the resilience of many facilities that are known to be critical for modern societies and threatened by intentional attacks. For this purpose, it is important to not only protect them before disruptions, but also recover them after disruptions. To deal with this problem, this paper proposes a tri-level model explicitly integrating the decision making on recovery strategies of disrupted facilities with the decision making on protecting facilities from intentional attacks. The facilities studied in this research are assumed to be capacitated and a recovery strategy is considered to include repairing a subset of disrupted facilities and expanding the capacities of a subset of non-interdicted facilities. We are concerned with the defender’s objective of maximizing the resilience of the given set of facilities making profit within a prescribed time interval. To deal with the complexity of solving the proposed tri-level model, the ant colony system algorithm is employed with necessary adaptations.

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Abbreviations

N :

Set of customers

F :

Set of facilities

i :

Index of customers

j :

Index of facilities

n :

The number of customers

p :

The number of original facilities

q :

The number of protected facilities

\(r_{{\textit{num}}}\) :

The number of interdicted facilities

T :

The length of concerned time interval

\(t_{{\textit{re}}}\) :

Time required to repair a disrupted facility

B :

Amount of budget

\(c_{{\textit{trans}}}\) :

Transportation cost per distance

\(c_{r}\) :

Cost required to repair each disrupted facility

\(c_{e}\) :

Capacity expansion cost per demand unit

\(\mu \) :

Maximal incremental value by which a facility’s capacity can be expanded

\(p_{r}\) :

Revenue earned by satisfying each unit of customer demand

\(c_{l}\) :

Penalty cost paid for each unit of unmet demand per unit of time

\(a_{i}\) :

Total demand of customer i

\(d_{ij}\) :

Distance between facility j and customer i

\(t_{s}\) :

Length of a supply cycle

k :

Number of ants

\(q^{*}\) :

A random number uniformly distributed in [0,1]

\(\eta _{j}\) :

Heuristic value of choosing facility j

\(\alpha ,\beta \) :

Indexes reflecting the importance of pheromone and heuristic value

\(\rho \) :

Pheromone evaporating rate

m :

Stage of decision making, with \(m = 0\) indicates the first (i.e., protection) stage, and \(m = 1\) indicates the second (i.e., interdiction) stage

\(\tau _{{\textit{mj}}}\) :

Pheromone amount on facility j in stage m

\(p_{{\textit{mj}}}\) :

Probability of choosing facility j in stage m

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 71301085, 71332005, 71671074 and 71731008, and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant Number HUST: 2017KFYXJJ178).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Logistics and Transportation, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, People’s Republic of China

    Sachuer Bao & Lixin Miao

  2. Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People’s Republic of China

    Chi Zhang

  3. School of Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People’s Republic of China

    Min Ouyang

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  1. Sachuer Bao
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Correspondence to Min Ouyang.

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Bao, S., Zhang, C., Ouyang, M. et al. An integrated tri-level model for enhancing the resilience of facilities against intentional attacks. Ann Oper Res 283, 87–117 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-017-2705-y

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