Abstract
Originated from the military domain, Situation Awareness (SAW) is proposed with the aim to obtain information superiority through information fusion and thus to achieve decision superiority. It requires not only the perception of the environment, but also the reasoning of the implicit or implicated meaning under the explicit phenomenon. The principal goal of this paper is to exploit the semantic web technologies to enhance the situation awareness through autonomous information fusion and inference. Recently, ontology has played a significant role in the representation and integration of domain knowledge for high-level reasoning. The multi-level ontology merging paradigm is followed in this work for the conceptual modeling and knowledge representation. Firstly, Military Scenario Ontology (MSO) and Battle Management Ontology (BMO) are defined according to corresponding reputable standards as the domain ontology. We propose the Situation Awareness Ontology (SAO) as the core ontology to integrate MSO, BMO and even other publicly defined ontology for higher-level information fusion. The SAO is composed of objects representations, relations and events that are necessary to capture the information for further cognition, reasoning and decision-making about the situation evolving over time. Military doctrines and domain knowledge are expressed as Horn clause type rules for reasoning and inference. Multi-layered semantic information fusion that integrates ontologies, semantic web technologies and rule-based reasoning can therefore be conducted. An experimental scenario is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of this architecture.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Endsley MR (1995) Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37.1
Steinberg AN, Bowman CL, White FE (1999) Revisions to the JDL data fusion model. In: AeroSense’99. International Society for Optics and Photonics
Berners-Lee T, Hendler J, andLassila O (2001) The Semantic Web – A new form of Web content that is meaningful to computers will unleash a revolution of new possibilities. Sci Am 284(5):34–43
Javier B et al (2012) VEACON: A Vehicular Accident Ontology designed to improve safety on the roads. J Netw Comput Appl 35.6:1891–1900
Dongli Y, Suihua W, Ailing Z Traffic accidents knowledge management based on ontology. In: Sixth international conference on fuzzy systems and knowledge discovery, 2009. FSKD’09. Vol. 7. IEEE, p 2009
Baumgartner N, Gottesheim W, Mitsch S, Retschitzegger W, Schwinger W (2010) BeAware!, - Situation Awareness, the Ontology-Driven Way. Data Knowl Eng 69:1183–1193
Baumgartner N et al (2014) A tour of BeAware–A situation awareness framework for control centers. Information Fusion 20:155–173
Amit S, Henson C, Sahoo SS (2008) Semantic sensor web. Internet Computing IEEE 12.4:78–83
Adida B et al (2008) RDFa in XHTML: Syntax and processing. Recommendation W3C
Roda F, Musulin E (2014) An ontology-based framework to support intelligent data analysis of sensor measurements. Expert Systems with Applications 41.17:7914–7926
Little EG, Rogova GL (2009) Designing ontologies for higher level fusion. Information Fusion 10.1:70–82
Smith B (2002) Basic Formal Ontology. http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo
Laclavik M et al (2012) Agentowl: Semantic knowledge model and agent architecture. Comput Inf 25.5:421–439
Balaji BS, Prabhu TN, Karthikeyan NK (2012) SACoSS-semantic Agent Based System for Cloud Service Suggestion Using Cloud Service Ontology. Jmynal Comput Inf Syst 8.21:8763–8773
Lewis L, Buford J, Jakobson G (2009) Inferring threats in urban environments with uncertain and approximate data: an agent-based approach. Appl Intell 30.3:220–232
Kokar MM, Matheus CJ, Baclawski K (2009) Ontology-based situation awareness. Inf fusion 10.1:83–98
Barwise J, Perry J (1983) Situations and Attitudes. MIT Press
Matheus CJ, Kokar MM, Baclawski K (2003) A core ontology for situation awareness. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Information Fusion. Vol. 1
Matheus CJ et al (2005) Using SWRL and OWL to capture domain knowledge for a situation awareness application applied to a supply logistics scenario. Rules and Rule Markup Languages for the Semantic Web. Springer Berlin Heidelberg:130–144
Matheus CJ et al (2005) SAWA: An assistant for higher-level fusion and situation awareness. Defense and Security. International Society for Optics and Photonics
Matheus CJ et al (2005) Lessons learned from developing SAWA: A situation awareness assistant. In: 2005 8th International Conference on Information Fusion, Vol. 2. IEEE
Bowman M, Lopez A, Tecuci G (2001) Ontology development for military applications. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-ninth Annual ACM Southeast Conference. ACM Press. Vol. 36
Boury-Brisset A-C Ontology-based approach for information fusion. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of Information Fusion, 2003. Vol. 1. IEEE, p 2003
Smart PR et al (2005) Knowledge-based information fusion for improved situational awareness. In: 2005 8th International Conference on Information Fusion, Vol. 2. IEEE
Gómez-Romero J et al (2015) Context-based multi-level information fusion for harbor surveillance. Inf Fusion 21:173–186
Farinelli A et al (2012) Cooperative situation assessment in a maritime scenario. Int J Intell Syst 27.5:477–501
Migueláńez E et al (2011) Semantic knowledge-based framework to improve the situation awareness of autonomous underwater vehicles. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 23.5:759–773
Chen H et al (2004) Soupa: Standard ontology for ubiquitous and pervasive applications. In: The First Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services, 2004. MOBIQUITOUS 2004. IEEE
Wang XH et al (2004) Ontology based context modeling and reasoning using OWL. In: Proceedings of the Second IEEE Annual Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops, 2004. IEEE
Yau SS, Liu J (2006) Hierarchical situation modeling and reasoning for pervasive computing. In: The Fourth IEEE Workshop on Software Technologies for Future Embedded and Ubiquitous Systems, 2006 and the 2006 Second International Workshop on Collaborative Computing, Integration, and Assurance. SEUS 2006/WCCIA 2006. IEEE
Chen H, Finin T, Joshi A (2003) An ontology for context-aware pervasive computing environments. Knowl Eng Rev 18.03:197–207
Chen H, Finin T, Joshi A (2003) An intelligent broker architecture for context-aware systems. PhD proposal in computer science, University of Maryland. USA, Baltimore
Scherp A et al (2012) A core ontology on events for representing occurrences in the real world. Multi Tools Appl 58.2:293–331
Norbert B, Retschitzegger W (2006) A survey of upper ontologies for situation awareness. In: Proc. of the 4th IASTED International Conference on Knowledge Sharing and Collaborative Engineering, St. Thomas, US VI
Snidaro L, Visentini I, Bryan K (2015) Fusing uncertain knowledge and evidence for maritime situational awareness via Markov Logic Networks. Inf Fusion 21:159–172
Snidaro L, Garcia J, Corchado JM (2015) Context-based information fusion: A survey and discussion. Inf Fusion 25:16–31
Bermejo–Alonso J, Sanz R., López I (2006) A Survey on Ontologies for Agents. From Theory to Practice. ASLab-ICEA-R-2006, vol 2
MSDL MSDL - Military Scenario Definition Language, 2010. Available from: http://www.sisostds.org/DigitalLibrary.aspx?Command=Core_Download&EntryId=30830
Blais C, Galvin K, Hieb M (2005) Coalition Battle Management Language (C-BML) Study Group Report. IEEE Fall Simulation Interoperability Workshop, Orlando FL
Blais C et al (2009) Coalition Battle Management Language (C-BML) Phase 1 Specification Development: An Update to the M&S Community. Fall Simulation Interoperability Workshop
Blais C, Galvin K, Hieb M (2011) Coalition Battle Management Language (C-BML) Study Group Report
Blais C, Turnitsa C, Gustavsson P (2006) A strategy for ontology research for the coalition battle management language (C-BML) product development group. Fall Simulation Interoperability Workshop, Orlando
JC3IEDM Joint C3 Information Exchange Data Model (JC3IEDM), 2010; Available from: http://www.mip-site.org/publicsite/04-Baseline_3.0/JC3IEDM-Joint_C3_Information_Exchange_Data_Model/
María-Cruz V et al (2011) An ontology-based integrated approach to situation awareness for high-level information fusion in C4ISR. Advanced Information Systems Engineering Workshops. Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Pullen M et al (2012) MSDL and C-BML Working Together for NATO MSG-085. In: Proceedings of the 2012 Spring Simulation Interoperability Workshop
JENA (2007) Jena – A Semantic Web Framework for Java
Sycara K et al (2009) An integrated approach to high-level information fusion. Inf Fusion 10.1:25–50
Prud’Hommeaux E, Seaborne A (2008) SPARQL query language for RDF. W3C recommendation
Bizer C et al (2009) DBpedia-A crystallization point for the Web of Data. Web Semantics: science, services and agents on the world wide web 7.3
Pai F-P, Hsu I-C, Chung Y-C (2016) Semantic web technology for agent interoperability: a proposed infrastructure. Appl Intell 44.1:1–16
Bellifemine F, Poggi A, Rimassa G (1999) JADE–A FIPA-compliant agent framework. In: Proceedings of PAAM. Vol. 99. No. 97-108
Wang M-H et al (2010) Ontology-based multi-agents for intelligent healthcare applications. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput 1.2:111–131
Lee C-S, Wang M-H (2011) A fuzzy expert system for diabetes decision support application. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part B Cybern 41. 1:139–153. Cybernetics
Yeh J-F, Wu C-H, Chen M-J (2008) Ontology-based speech act identification in a bilingual dialog system using partial pattern trees. J Am Soc Inf Sci Technol 59.5:684–694
Yeh J-F et al (2008) Extended probabilistic HAL with close temporal association for psychiatric query document retrieval. ACM Trans Inf Syst 27.1:4
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pai, FP., Yang, LJ. & Chung, YC. Multi-layer ontology based information fusion for situation awareness. Appl Intell 46, 285–307 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-016-0834-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-016-0834-7