Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Quality evaluation of tourmaline red based on uniform color space

  • Published:
Cluster Computing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Based on the uniform color space \(\hbox {CIE}\,1976\hbox {L}^{{*}}\hbox {a}^{{*}}\hbox {b}^{{*}},\) the red colors of 310 tourmalines were conducted with the research of color colorimetry. In terms of the quantitative analysis of color indexes such as lightness, chroma and color hue, we put forward the eight-class five-level systems for quality evaluation of tourmaline red by K-Means cluster analysis. The systems were sorted from superior to inferior: Fancy Vivid, Fancy Intense, Fancy Deep, Fancy and Fancy Dark. Through Fisher discriminant, the accuracy was proved to be up to 98.7%. Furthermore, we analyzed the effects of different standard light sources (D\(_{65},\) A and CWF) on tourmaline red in detail. It was pointed out that D\(_{65}\) could better reflect the color of non-self-luminous object, which was suitable for quality evaluation of tourmaline red. Light source A significantly improved the chroma and hue of tourmaline red for red tourmaline display. Light source CWF reduced the chroma of tourmaline red, making the hue significantly deviated from the red. Therefore, CWF was not suitable for tourmaline red lighting. Finally, the work discussed the effects of non-color background lightness and color background on tourmaline red to derive the following results: (1) in the process of non-color background lightness transformation, the lightness and chroma of tourmaline red were sensitive and changed significantly, with high synchronism; whereas, the color hue has unobvious change. The higher lightness and chroma of tourmaline red led to larger effects of non-color background lightness transformation to visual lightness and saturation. It was thus proved that the non-color background was suitable for quality evaluation of tourmaline red. (2) In the process of color background transformation, color metal alloy background has significantly higher lightness (average lightness 83.81) and chroma (average chroma 39.21) than tourmaline red, with obvious orange hue (average hue angle 74.48). Therefore, color metal alloy background significantly enhanced the lightness and chroma of tourmaline red, thus greatly contributing to quality evaluation of tourmaline red. However, color metal alloy background made orange hue obvious, namely strengthening mixed hue of non-mainstream red, which was not conducive to quality evaluation of tourmaline red. Therefore, color metal alloy background was only suitable for inlaid jewelry material or gemstone display rather than quality evaluation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. George, B., Morgan, V.I.: A spreadsheet for calculating normative mole fractions of end-member species for Na–Ca–Li–Fe\(^{2+}\)–Mg–Al tourmalines from electron microprobe data. Am. Mineral. 101, 111–119 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Bosi, F., et al.: Experimental evidence for partial Fe\(^{2+}\) disorder at the Y and Z sites of tourmaline—a combined EMP, SREF, MS, IR and OAS study of schorl. Mineral. Mag. 79(3), 515–528 (2015)

  3. Bosi, F., et al.: Fluor-tsilaisite, NaMn\(_{3}\)Al\(_{6}\)(Si\(_{6}\)O\(_{18})\)(BO\(_{3})_{3}\)(OH)\(_{3}\)F, a new tourmaline from San Piero in Campo (Elba, Italy) and new data on tsilaisitic tourmaline from the holotype specimen locality. Mineral. Mag. 79(1), 89–101 (2015)

  4. Bačík, P., et al.: Acicular zoned tourmaline (magnesio-foitite to foitite) from a quartz vein near Tisovec, Slovakia—the relationship between crystal chemistry and acicular habit. Can. Mineral. 53, 221–234 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Singer, J.W., Lupulescu, M.: Combined major and trace element characterization of tourmaline: using EPMA to address elemental fractionation by laser ablation. Microsc. Microanal. 21(Suppl 3), 2013–2104 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bačík, P., et al.: Application of spectroscopic methods in mineralogical and gemmological research of gem tourmalines. Acta Geol. Slovac. 7(1), 1–9 (2015)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  7. Bosi, F., et al.: Atomic arrangements around the O3 site in Al- and Cr-rich oxy-tourmaline—a combined EMP, SREF, FTIR and Raman study. Phys. Chem. Miner. 42, 441–453 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Vereshchagin, O.S., et al.: Crystal structure and stability of Ni-rich synthetic tourmaline. Distribution of divalent transition-metal cations over octahedral positions. Mineral. Mag. 79(4), 997–1006 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Hazarika, P., Mishra, B., Pruseth, K.L.: Diverse tourmaline compositions from orogenic gold deposits in the Hutti-Maski Greenstone Belt, India: implications for sources of ore-forming fluids. Econ. Geol. 110, 337–353 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Baksheev, I.A., et al.: Geochemical evolution of tourmaline in the Darasun Gold District, Transbaikal region, Russia: evidence from chemical and boron isotopic compositions. Miner. Depos. 50, 125–138 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Yang, S.-Y., et al.: Tourmaline as a recorder of magmatic-hydrothermal evolution—an in situ major and trace element analysis of tourmaline from the Qitianling batholith, South China. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 170, 42, 1–21 (2015)

  12. Li, Y., Guo, Y.: Colorimetry study on red tourmaline color genesis. Key Eng. Mater. 512–515, 657–660 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Huertas, R., Rivas, M.J., Melgosa, M., et al.: Uniformity of lighting in color assessment cabinets. In: Proceedings of SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, 4829 II, 19th Congress on the International Commission for Optics. Optics for the Quality of Life, Firenze, Italy, pp. 914–916. The International Society for Optical Engineering (2003)

  14. Shamey, R., Sedito, M.G., Kuehni, R.G.: Comparison of unique hue stimuli determined by two different methods using Munsell color chips. Color. Res. Appl. 35(6), 419–424 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Rossman, G.R.: The geochemistry of gems and its relevance to gemology: different traces, different prices. Elements 5(3), 159–162 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Matz, S.C., de Figueiredo, R.J.P.: A nonlinear image contrast sharpening approach based on Munsell’s scale. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 15(4), 900–909 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Cha, H.S., Lee, Y.K.: Difference in illuminant-dependent color changes of shade guide tabs by the shade designation relative to three illuminants. Am. J. Dent. 22(6), 350–356 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Guo, Y., Li, X., Tian, L.: Cr\(^{3+}\) effect on the correlation between lightness difference and color difference of ruby red. Adv. Mater. Res. 177, 624–627 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Melgosa, M., Hita, E.: Color differences under illuminants D65 and A. Optik (Jena) 107, 5–10 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Du, H., Guo, Y.: Optical influence of different standard illuminants on green nephrite’s color From Manasi. In: Photonics Asia 2010, pp. 784411-1–784411-7. International Society for Optics and Photonics (2010)

  21. Leow, M.E.L., Ng, W.K.M., et al.: Metamerism in aesthetic prostheses under three standard illuminants—TL84, D65 and F. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 23(2), 174–180 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Ramanath, R.: Minimizing observer metamerism in display systems. Color Res. Appl. 34(5), 391–398 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Guo, Y., Zhang, J., Mo, T.: Contribution of green Jadeite-Jade’s chroma difference based on CIE 1976 L\(^{\ast }\)a\(^{\ast }\)b\(^{\ast }\) uniform color space. Adv. Mater. Res. 177, 620–623 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Guo, Y., Li, X., Sun, H.: Green color appreciation of gemstones based on CIE 1976 L\(^{\ast }\)a\(^{\ast }\)b\(^{\ast }\). In: 2011 International Conference on Multimedia and Signal Processing, vol. 1, pp. 198–200 (2011)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Gemmological Institute, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China

    Ying Guo

Authors
  1. Ying Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ying Guo.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Guo, Y. Quality evaluation of tourmaline red based on uniform color space. Cluster Comput 20, 3393–3408 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-017-1091-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-017-1091-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation