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HiNode: an asymptotically space-optimal storage model for historical queries on graphs

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Abstract

Most modern networks are perpetually evolving and can be modeled by graph data structures. By collecting and indexing the state of a graph at various time instances we are able to perform queries on its entire history and thus gain insight into its fundamental features and attributes. This calls for advanced solutions for graph history storing and indexing that are capable of supporting application queries efficiently while coping with the aggravated space requirements. To this end, we advocate a purely vertex-centric storage model that is asymptotically space-optimal and more space efficient than any other proposal to date. In addition to space efficiency, the model’s purely vertex-centric approach shows great promise with respect to the efficiency and functionality of update and query operations. Furthermore, we make a qualitative comparison with other general methods for graph history storage identifying the pros and cons of our approach. Finally, we implement and incorporate our technique in the \(G^*\) parallel graph processing system, we conduct thorough experimental evaluation and we show that we can yield time and space improvements up to an order of magnitude when compared to \(G^*\).

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Notes

  1. Given a query point \(p \in \mathcal {R}\) and a set of N intervals on the real line, a stabbing query returns all intervals that overlap p.

  2. For \(G^*\), TGI and our solution (and to a lesser extent for the other methods), one could indeed describe the complexity w.r.t. a variety of parameters and provide a more detailed description. However, doing so would certainly not permit the direct comparison between the methods and would thus invalidate the very reason for which this table is provided.

  3. The source code is available at https://github.com/hinodeauthors/hinode.

  4. Dataset—Undirected Barabási-Albert graph: Starting vertices = 1M, edges per newly inserted vertex = 5, vertex insertions per snapshot = 2K, snapshots = 100.

  5. Dataset - Undirected Barabási-Albert graph: starting vertices = 1M, edges per newly inserted vertex = 5, vertex insertions per snapshot = 20K, snapshots = 100.

  6. In the case of querying the 40% of the sequence for the two-hop neighborhood of the vertex with the largest degree, \(G^*\) was unable to finish since it run out of memory.

  7. We would like to thank an anonymous reviewer for pointing out this issue.

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Correspondence to Andreas Kosmatopoulos.

Appendix: The WriteAttribute cases

Appendix: The WriteAttribute cases

We analyze the two possible cases in WriteAttribute. In the first case, the field f does not have any values associated with it in the time interval \([t_s,t_e]\). In that case we proceed as follows: We insert a quadruple \((f,\{\ell _1, \ell _2, \ldots \},t_s,t_e)\) in \({\mathcal {I}}_{v}\). In addition, a record \((\{\ell _1, \ell _2, \ldots \},t_s,t_e)\) is stored in f’s respective B-tree \(A_v^f\).

In the second case, the field f has values associated with it in the time interval \([t_s,t_e]\), i.e. there exist (up to) two intervals \([t'_s,t'_e]\) and \([t''_s,t''_e]\) in the data structure, such that either (a) \(t'_s<t_s<t'_e<t_e\), (b) \(t_s<t'_s<t_e<t'_e\), (c) \(t'_s<t_s<t_e<t'_e\) or (d) \(t'_s<t_s<(t'_e=t''_s)<t_e<t''_e\) is true (Fig. 12). In that case, we search \({\mathcal {I}}_{v}\) for \([t'_s,t'_e]\) corresponding to the field f (and \([t''_s,t''_e]\) if it exists) by simulating an insertion of this interval in \({\mathcal {I}}_{v}\). Let \(v_{t'}\) be the node of \({\mathcal {I}}_{v}\) that interval \([t'_s,t'_e]\) is to be stored. After locating the at most three lists in which it is to be stored we search these lists based on the endpoints of \([t'_s,t'_e]\). If there are more than one such intervals then we use the identifier of \([t'_s,t'_e]\) to search among them and locate this interval. The same procedure is applied for \([t''_s,t''_e]\).

Fig. 12
figure 12

Cases of existing intervals for the field f

Afterwards, we perform a series of interval insertions and deletions in \({\mathcal {I}}_{v}\) and the corresponding \(A_v^f\) B-tree depending on the subcases presented below (the resulting intervals end up with the appropriate set of values based on their original intervals):

Subcase (a):

Deletion of \([t'_s,t'_e]\) followed by the insertion of \([t'_s,t_s)\), \([t_s,t'_e)\) and \([t'_e,t_e]\)

Subcase (b):

Deletion of \([t'_s,t'_e]\) followed by the insertion of \([t_s,t'_s)\), \([t'_s,t_e)\) and \([t_e,t_e']\)

Subcase (c):

Deletion of \([t'_s,t'_e]\) followed by the insertion of \([t'_s,t_s)\), \([t_s,t_e)\) and \([t_e,t'_e]\)

Subcase (d):

Deletion of \([t'_s,t'_e]\) and \([t''_s,t''_e]\) followed by the insertion of \([t'_s,t_s)\), \([t_s,t'_e)\), \([t''_s,t_e)\) and \([t_e,t''_e]\)

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Kosmatopoulos, A., Tsichlas, K., Gounaris, A. et al. HiNode: an asymptotically space-optimal storage model for historical queries on graphs. Distrib Parallel Databases 35, 249–285 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10619-017-7207-z

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