Abstract
This paper presents a procedure for creating a probabilistic finite-state model for mobile robots and for finding a sequence of controllers ensuring the highest probability for reaching some desired regions. The approach starts by using results for controlling affine systems in simpliceal partitions, and then it creates a finite-state representation with history-based probabilities on transitions. This representation is embedded into a Petri Net model with probabilistic costs on transitions, and a highest probability path to reach a set of target regions is found. An online supervising procedure updates the paths whenever a robot deviates from the intended trajectory. The proposed probabilistic framework may prove suitable for controlling mobile robots based on more complex specifications.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Belta C, Habets LCGJM (2004) Constructing decidable hybrid systems with velocity bounds. In: 43rd IEEE conference on decision and control. Paradise Island, Bahamas, pp 467–472
Choset H, Lynch KM, Hutchinson S, Kantor G, Burgard W, Kavraki LE, Thrun S (2005) Principles of robot motion: theory, algorithms, and implementations. MIT Press, Boston
Cgal Community (2011) Cgal, Computational Geometry Algorithms Library. http://www.cgal.org
Costelha H, Lima P (2012) Robot task plan representation by Petri nets: modelling, identification, analysis and execution. Journal of Autonomous Robots 33(4)337–360
Cowlagi RV, Tsiotras P (2010) Kinematic feasibility guarantees in geometric path planning using history-based transition costs over cell decompositions. In: American control conference (ACC), pp 5388–5393
Cowlagi RV, Tsiotras P (2012) Hierarchical motion planning with dynamical feasibility guarantees for mobile robotic vehicles. IEEE Trans Robot 28(2):379–395
Ding J, Li E, Huang H, Tomlin CJ (2011) Reachability-based synthesis of feedback policies for motion planning under bounded disturbances. In: IEEE international conference on robotics and automation (ICRA), pp 2160–2165
Ding XC, Smith SL, Belta C, Rus D (2011) LTL control in uncertain environments with probabilistic satisfaction guarantees. In: 18th IFAC world congress. Milan, Italy
Fainekos GE, Kress-Gazit H, Pappas GJ (2005) Hybrid controllers for path planning: a temporal logic approach. In: Proceedings of the 44th IEEE conference on decision and control, pp 4885–4890
Fukuda K (2011) CDD/CDD+ package. http://www.ifor.math.ethz.ch/~fukuda/cdd_home/
Gerkey B, Mataric M (2004) A formal analysis and taxonomy of task allocation in multi-robot systems. Int J Rob Res 23(9):939–954
Habets LCGJM, Collins PJ, van Schuppen JH (2006) Reachability and control synthesis for piecewise-affine hybrid systems on simplices. IEEE Trans Autom Contr 51:938–948
Habets LCGJM, van Schuppen JH (2004) A control problem for affine dynamical systems on a full-dimensional polytope. Automatica 40:21–35
Hoffman AJ, Kruskal JB (1956) Integral boundary points of convex polyhedra. In: Kuhn HW, Tucker AW (eds) Linear inequalities and related systems. Annals of mathematics studies, vol 38. Princeton University Press, pp 223–246
Jensen K (1994) Coloured Petri nets: basic concepts, analysis methods, and practical use. In: EATCS monographs on theoretical computer science. Springer
Johnson B, Kress-Gazit H (2011) Probabilistic analysis of correctness of high-level robot behavior with sensor error. In: Robotics: science and systems. Los Angeles, CA
Karmarkar N (1984) A new polynomial-time algorithm for linear programming. In: Proceedings of the 16th annual ACM symposium on theory of computing, STOC ’84. New York, NY, USA, pp 302–311
Kim G, Chung W (2007) Navigation behavior selection using generalized stochastic Petri nets for a service robot. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern, Part C Appl Rev 37(4):494–503
King J, Pretty R, Gosine R (2003) Coordinated execution of tasks in a multiagent environment. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern, Part A, Syst Humans 33(5):615–619
Kloetzer M, Belta C (2010) Automatic deployment of distributed teams of robots from temporal logic motion specifications. IEEE Trans Robot 26(1):48–61
Kloetzer M, Mahulea C, Belta C, Silva M (2010) An automated framework for formal verification of timed continuous Petri nets. IEEE Trans Ind Informat 6(3):460–471
Kloetzer M, Mahulea C, Pastravanu O (2011) A probabilistic abstraction approach for planning and controlling mobile robots. In: IEEE Conf. on emerging technologies and factory automation (ETFA). Toulouse, France, pp 1–8
Kloetzer M, Mahulea C, Pastravanu O (2011) Software tool for probabilistic abstraction for planning and controling mobile robots. http://webdiis.unizar.es/~cmahulea/research/prob_abstr.zip
Konur S, Dixon C, Fisher M (2012) Analysing robot swarm behaviour via probabilistic model checking. Robot Auton Syst 60(2):199–213
Lahijanian M, Belta C, Andersson S (2009) A probabilistic approach for control of a stochastic system from LTL specifications. In: IEEE conf. on decision and control. Shanghai, China, pp 2236–2241
LaValle SM (2006) Planning algorithms. Cambridge. http://planning.cs.uiuc.edu
Little I, Thiébaux S (2007) Probabilistic planning vs replanning. In: ICAPS workshop on IPC: past, present and future
Liu W, Winfield AFT, Sa J (2007) Modelling swarm robotic systems: a case study in collective foraging. In: Towards autonomous robotic systems (TAROS), pp 25–32
Mahulea C, Kloetzer M (2012) A probabilistic abstraction approach for planning and controlling mobile robots. In: IEEE Conf. on emerging technologies and factory automation (ETFA). Krakow, Poland
Makhorin A (2007) GLPK-GNU linear programming kit. http://www.gnu.org/software/glpk
Murata T (1989) Petri nets: properties, analysis and applications. Proc IEEE 77(4):541–580
Quottrup MM, Bak T, Izadi-Zamanabadi R (2004) Multi-robot motion planning: a timed automata approach. In: IEEE conf. on robotics and automation. New Orleans, LA, pp 4417–4422
Rippel E, Bar-Gill A, Shimkin N (2005) Fast graph-search algorithms for general-aviation flight trajectory generation. J Guid Control Dyn 28(4):801–811
Shewchuk JR (1996) Triangle: engineering a 2D quality mesh generator and delaunay triangulator. In: Lin MC, Manocha D (eds) Applied computational geometry: towards geometric engineering (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), vol 1148. Springer, pp 203–222. From the First ACM Workshop on Applied Computational Geometry
Silva M (1993) Introducing Petri nets. In: Practice of Petri nets in manufacturing. Chapman & Hall, pp 1–62
Silva M, Teruel E, Colom JM (1998) Linear algebraic and linear programming techniques for the analysis of net systems. In: Rozenberg G, Reisig W (eds) Lectures in Petri nets. I: basic models (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), vol 1491. Springer, pp 309–373
The MathWorks (2010) MATLAB® 2010b. Natick, MA
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for their useful comments and suggestions. This work has been partially supported at the Technical University of Iasi by the CNCS-UEFISCDI grant PN-II-RU PD 333/2010 and at University of Zaragoza by the CICYT—FEDER grant DPI2010-20413.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kloetzer, M., Mahulea, C. A Petri net based approach for multi-robot path planning. Discrete Event Dyn Syst 24, 417–445 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10626-013-0162-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10626-013-0162-6