Skip to main content
Log in

Understanding teachers’ reluctance to the pedagogical use of ICT in the 1:1 classroom

  • Published:
Education and Information Technologies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

During the last decade, several one laptop per student-initiatives (1:1) have emerged as a solution to the recurrent disappointments with the pace of transformation of teaching methods in schools. However, an increasing number of research studies indicates, that despite major expenditure, increased access and improved technical equipment, few teachers have integrated ICT in the curriculum in a way that leads to significant changes in classroom practice. This article explores teachers’ reluctance towards the pedagogical use of personal laptops in secondary schools. A case study approach is used in a follow-up study of a 3-year 1:1-implementation initiative, investigating a period of in-service training for teachers in a secondary school. The teachers’ arguments for not using the laptops for teaching are of particular interest. Five different, but overlapping, patterns in the explanations for their reluctance have been discovered: lack of technical competence, not worth the effort, insufficient material, diminishing control and lack of time. The teachers’ arguments exposed technical, pedagogical, and content concerns. This qualitative study of teachers’ reluctance, as studied in situ, adds nuance and additional perspectives to previously presented explanations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Balanskat, A., Blamire, R., & Kefala, S. (2006). The ICT impact report—a review of studies of ICT impact on schools in Europe. In E. Schoolnet (Ed.).

  • Bebell, D., & Kay, R. (2010). One to one computing: a summary of the quantitative results from the Berkshire Wireless Learning Initiative. Journal of Technology, Learning and Assessment, 9(2), 5–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belland, B. (2009). Using the theory of habitus to move beyond the study of barriers to technology integration. Computers & Education, 52(2), 353–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bingimlas, K. (2009). Barriers to the successful integration of ICT in teaching and learning environments: a review of the literature. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 5(3), 235–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buente, W., & Robbin, A. (2008). Trends in Internet information behavior, 2000–2004. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58(11), 1743–1760.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, R. (2010). Investigating models for preservice teachers’ use of technology to support student-centered learning. Computers & Education, 55(1), 32–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conlon, T., & Simpson, M. (2003). Silicon Valley versus Silicon Glen: the impact of computers upon teaching and learning: a comparative study. British Journal of Education Technology, 34(2), 137–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conway, J., & Lance, C. (2010). What reviewers should expect from authors regarding common method bias in organizational research. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(3), 325–334. doi:10.1007/s10869-010-9181-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cuban, L. (2001). Oversold and underused—computers in the classroom. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curriculum for the Compulsory School System 2011 (2011). Stockholm: Skolverket.

  • Denzin, N. K. (1997). Interpretive ethnography: Ethnografic practices for the 21st century. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dunleavy, M., Dextert, S., & Heinecke, W. F. (2007). What added value does a 1:1 student to laptop ratio ring to technology-supported teaching and learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 23, 440–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dynarski, M., Agodini, R., Heaviside, S., Novak, T., Care, N., & Campuzano, L. (2007). Effectiveness of reading and mathematics software products: Findings from the First Student Cohort Report to Congress. Washington DC: US Department of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engelsen, K. (2006). Gjennom fokustrengsel. Lærerutdanningen i møte med IKT og nye vurderingsformer. (Ph D), The University of Bergen.

  • European Commission. (2007). Key competences for lifelong learning European reference framework- education and training (Vol. ). Luxemburg: European Commission.

  • Fenwick, T. (2010). Re-thinking the “thing”: sociomaterial approaches to understanding and researching learning in work. Journal of Workplace Learning, 22(1/2), 104–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freudenberg, B., Brimble, M., & Vyvyan, V. (2010). The penny drops: can work integrated learning improve students’ learning? E-Journal of Business Education & Scholarship of Teaching, 4(1), 42–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fried, C. (2008). In-class laptop use and its effect on student learning. Computers and Education, 50(3), 9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fullan, M. (2007). The new meaning of educational change (4th ed.). London: Cassell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garthwait, A., & Weller, H. G. (2005). A year in the life: two seventh grade teachers implement one-to-one computing. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 37(4), 361–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, J. (Ed.). (1979). The theory of affordances. Hoboken: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves, A. (2010). Presentism, individualism, and conservatism: the legacy of Dan Lortie’s schoolteacher: a sociological study. Curriculum Inquiry, 40(1), 143–154.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves, A., Lieberman, A., Fullan, M., & Hopkins, D. (Eds.). (1998). Developing the 21st century school. A challenge to reformers. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hembrook, H., & Gay, G. (2003). The laptop and the lecture: the effects of multitasking in learning environments. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 15(1), 46–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hennessy, S., Ruthven, K., & Brindley, S. (2005). Teacher perspectives on integrating ICT into subject teaching: commitment, constraints, caution, and change. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 37(2), 155–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hepp, P., Hinostroza, E., Laval, E., & Rehbein, L. (2004). Technology in schools: Education, ICT and the knowledge society. Washington DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holcomb, L. B. (2009). Results & lessons learned from 1:1 laptop initiatives: a collective review. TechTrends, 53(6), 49–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inan, F. A., & Lowther, D. (2010). Factors affecting technology integration in K-12 classrooms: a path model. Educational Technology Research and Development, 58(137–154), 137–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johri, A. (2011). The socio-materiality of learning practices and implications for the field of learning technology. Research in Learning Technology, 19(3), 207–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, A. (1993). From sage on the stage to guide on the side. College Teaching, 41(1), 30–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kopcha, T. (2012). Teachers’ perceptions of the barriers to technology integration and practices with technology under situated professional development. Computers & Education, 59(4), 1109–1121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kozma, R. (2003). ICT and and educational change: a global phenomenon. In R. Kozma (Ed.), Technology, innovation, and educational change: A global perspective. Eugene: International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE).

  • Lane, D. (2003). The Maine learning technology initiative impact on students and learning. Portland: Center for Education Policy, Applied Research, and Evaluation, University of Southern Maine.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeBaron, C. (Ed.). (2002). Technology does not exist independent of its use. Mahwahs: Lawrence Erlbaum Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeCompte, M. (2000). Analyzing qualitative data. Theory Into Practice, 39(3), 146–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lei, J., & Zhao, Y. (2008). One-to-one computing: what does it bring to schools? Journal of Educational Computing Research, 39(2), 97–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leonardi, P. (2011). When flexible routines meets flexible technologies: affordance, constraints, and the imbrication of human and material agencies. MIS Quarterly, 35, 147–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, S. (2011). Critical reflections on the benefits of ICT in education. Oxford Review of Education, 38(1), 9–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowther, L., Ross, S. M., & Morrison, G. M. (2003). When each one has one: the influences on teaching strategies and student achievement of using laptops in the classroom. Educational Technology Research and Development, 51(3), 23–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGrail, E. (2007). Challenges to teacher control in the English laptop classroom. Georgia Educational Researcher, 5(1), 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mifsud, L., & Mörch, A. (2010). Reconsidering off-task: a comparative study of PDA-mediated activities in four classrooms. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 26, 190–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. (2007). Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK): Confronting the wicked problems of teaching with technology. San Antonio: AACE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mooij, T., & Smeets, E. (2001). Modelling and supporting ICT implementation in secondary schools. Computers & Education, 36(3), 265–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno, R., Mayer, R., Spires, H., & Lester, J. (2001). The case for social agency in computer-based teaching: do students learn more deeply when they interact with animated pedagogical agents? Cognition and Instruction, 19(2), 177–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moses, P., Bakar, K. A., Mahmud, R., & Wong, S. L. (2012). ICT infrastructure, technical and administrative support as correlates of teachers’ laptop use. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 59, 709–714.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mourshed, M., Chijioke, C., & Barber, M. (2009). How the world’s most improved school systems keep getting better. London: McKinsey and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD. (2010). Are the new millennium learners making the grade? Centre for Educational Research and Innovation: OECD.

  • Orlikowski, W. (2000). Using technology and constituting structures: a practice lens for studying technology in organizations. Organization Science, 11(4), 404–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orlikowski, W., & Scott, S. (2008). 10 sociomateriality: challenging the separation of technology, work and organization. The Academy of Management Annals, 2(1), 433–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Shea, T., & Koschmann, T. (1997). The children’s machine: rethinking school in the age of the computer. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 6(4), 401–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, A., Farsaii, S., Knezek, G., & Christensen, R. (2006). Teaching teachingin the one-to-one classroom. International Society for Technology in Education.

  • Penuel, W. (2006). Implementation and effects of one-to-one computing initiatives: a research synthesis. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 38(3), 20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Player-Koro, C., & Lindström, B. (2013). Teachers work in digital environment. Paper presented at the ECER 2013, Istanbul, Turkey.

  • Podsakoff, P., MacKenzie, S., Jeong-Yeon, L., & Podsakoff, N. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutledge, D., Duran, J., & Carroll-Miranda, J. (2007). Three years of the New Mexico Laptop Learning Initiative (NMLLI): Stumbling toward innovation (Vol. 15). AACE.

  • Saldana, J. (2013). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (2nd ed.). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sands, R. R. (2002). Sport ethnography. Champaign: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selwyn, N. (2011). Education and technology—key issues and debates. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, K. (2011). The role of ICT in higher education for the 21st century: ICT as a change agent for education. VSRD International Journal of CS & IT, 1(6), 383–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shear, L., Novais, G., & Moorthy, S. (2010). Innovative teaching and learning research. Microsoft Partners in Learning. SRI International.

  • Silverman, D. (2007). Interpreting qualitative data—methods for analyzing talk, text and interaction. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silvernail, D. L., & Gritter, A. K. (2007). Research brief, Maine’s middle school laptop programme: Creating better writers. Maine: Maine Education Policy Research Institute, University of Southern Maine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, M. (2007). Introducing medical anthropology: A discipline in action. Lanham: AltaMira Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sipilä, K. (2010). The impact of laptop provision on teachers attitudes towards ICT. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 19(1), 3–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smart, G. (1998). Mapping conceptual worlds: using interpretive ethnography to explore knowledge-making in a professional community. The Journal of Business Communication, 35(1), 11–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smeets, E. (2005). Does ICT contribute to powerful learning environments in primary education? Computers and Education, 44, 343–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Somekh, B. (2008). Factors affecting teachers’ pedagogical adoption of ICT. In J. Voogt & G. Knezek (Eds.), International handbook of information technology in primary and secondary education, vol. 20 (pp. 449–460). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sørensen, E. (2007). The time of materiality (Vol. 8).

  • Spector, P. (2006). Method variance in organizational research: truth or urban legend? Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 221–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, A. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tallvid, M., Lundin, J., & Lindström, B. (2012). Using TPACK for analysing teachers’ task design: Understanding change in a 1:1-laptop setting.

  • Tallvid, M., Lundin, J., Svensson, L., & Lindström, B. (2014). Exploring the relationship between sanctioned and unsanctioned laptop use in a 1:1 classroom. Accepted for publication in Journal of Educational Technology & Society.

  • Tearle, P. (2003). ICT implementation: what makes the difference? British Journal of Educational Technology, 34(5), 567–583. doi:10.1046/j.0007-1013.2003.00351.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The Swedish National Agency for Education. (2011). Läroplan för grundskolan. Stockholm: Skolverket.

  • Tondeur, J., Devos, G., Van Houtte, M., van Braak, J., & Valcke, M. (2009). Understanding structural and cultural school characteristics in relation to educational change: the case of ICT integration. Educational Studies, 35(2), 223–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Twining, P., Raffaghelli, J., Albion, P., & Knezek, D. (2013). Moving education into the digital age: the contribution of teachers’ professional development. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, (Online Version of Record published before inclusion in an issue).

  • Venetzky, R., & Davis, C. (2002). Quo Vademus? - The transformation of schooling in a networked world. OECD/CERI.

  • Warschauer, M. (2006). Laptops and literacy: Learning in the wireless classroom. New York: Teacher College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warschauer, M., & Grimes, D. (2005). First year evaluation report Fullerton School District Laptop Program. http://gse.uci.edu/person/warschauer_m/docs/fsd-laptop-year1-eval.pdf.

  • Watson. (2001). Pedagogy before technology: re-thinking the relationship between ICT and teaching. Education and Information Technologies, 6(4), 251–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, & Tinsley, D. (Eds.). (1995). Integrating information technology into education. London: Chapman & Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, E. (2008). Insights into innovative classroom practices with ICT: identifying the impetus for change. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 11(1), 248–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, E., Zivcakova, L., Gentile, P., Archer, K., De Pasquale, D., & Nosko, A. (2012). Examining the impact of off-task multi-tasking with technology on real-time classroom learning. Computers & Education, 58(1), 365–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yin, R. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (4th ed.). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, Y., & Frank, K. (2003). Factors affecting technology uses in schools: an ecological perspective. American Educational Research Journal, 40(4), 807–840.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zucker, A., & Light, D. (2009). Laptop programs for students. Science Magazine, 323, 82–85.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Martin Tallvid.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tallvid, M. Understanding teachers’ reluctance to the pedagogical use of ICT in the 1:1 classroom. Educ Inf Technol 21, 503–519 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-014-9335-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-014-9335-7

Keywords

Navigation