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On the variation and specialisation of workload—A case study of the Gnome ecosystem community

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Abstract

Most empirical studies of open source software repositories focus on the analysis of isolated projects, or restrict themselves to the study of the relationships between technical artifacts. In contrast, we have carried out a case study that focuses on the actual contributors to software ecosystems, being collections of software projects that are maintained by the same community. To this aim, we defined a new series of workload and involvement metrics, as well as a novel approach—\(\widetilde{\mathbf{T}}\)-graphs—for reporting the results of comparing multiple distributions. We used these techniques to statistically study how workload and involvement of ecosystem contributors varies across projects and across activity types, and we explored to which extent projects and contributors specialise in particular activity types. Using Gnome as a case study we observed that, next to coding, the activities of localization, development documentation and building are prevalent throughout the ecosystem. We also observed notable differences between frequent and occasional contributors in terms of the activity types they are involved in and the number of projects they contribute to. Occasional contributors and contributors that are involved in many different projects tend to be more involved in the localization activity, while frequent contributors tend to be more involved in the coding activity in a limited number of projects.

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Notes

  1. www.gnome.org

  2. These values were computed on October 28, 2011, based on the project list available at git.gnome.org/browse. The number of Gnome projects has increased since this date.

  3. If we were to consider other data sources, such as mailing lists and bug trackers, we would be able to study other types of contributors as well.

  4. metricsgrimoire.github.com/CVSAnalY

  5. GNU Privacy Guard, a free implementation of the OpenPGP standard for public key encryption.

  6. The implementations of the similarity measures are part of Febrl – a parallel open source data linkage system (Christen et al. 2004).

  7. The dataset can be found here: www.win.tue.nl/mdse/gnome

  8. As explained in Section 2.4 we do not include the unknown activity type.

  9. l10n.gnome.org

  10. We have provided a replication package here: www.win.tue.nl/mdse/gnome. However, it will first need to be adapted in order to be applicable to other software ecosystems.

  11. freecode.com

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Acknowledgements

We thank Javier Perez and Romuald Deshayes for proofreading a draft version of this article. We are also grateful to Dr. Koo Rijpkema for a number of discussions on certain aspects of statistical analysis and Dr. Frank Konietschke for providing us with the (yet to be published) implementation of the \(\widetilde{\mathbf{T}}\) procedure. Moreover, we thank the anonymous reviewers for their numerous remarks that helped us to improve the article significantly.

This research has been partially supported by research projects FRFC 2.4515.09 financed by Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S-FNRS), ARC AUWB-08/12-UMH-3 and AUWB-12/17-UMONS-3 financed by the Ministère de la Communauté française—Direction générale de l’Enseignement non obligatoire et de la Recherche scientifique (Belgium), and NWO 600.065.120.10N235 financed by the Dutch Science Foundation (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, NWO). Part of this research has been carried out during the second author’s stay at the Université de Mons, supported by grant BSS-2012/V 6/5/015 of the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S-FNRS).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. MDSE, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

    Bogdan Vasilescu & Alexander Serebrenik

  2. COMPLEXYS Research Institute, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium

    Mathieu Goeminne & Tom Mens

Authors
  1. Bogdan Vasilescu
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  2. Alexander Serebrenik
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  3. Mathieu Goeminne
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  4. Tom Mens
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tom Mens.

Additional information

Communicated by: Margaret-Anne Storey

Appendix

Appendix

1.1 A Activity Type Rules

Rules used to assign each file to an activity type. The rule for each activity type is defined by a regular expression. If the expression matches the file’s path, the activity type is associated to the file. The rules are assessed in sequence. Among the rules matching the file, the last one is used to determine the activity type. We do not allow for multiple classification, as this poses problems with the definition of some metrics and the statistical analysis of some results.

Activity type acronym

Regular expressions

Unknown

.*

   

unknown

    

Documentation

.*\.((s|x|g|p|(gt))?)htm(l?)

.*/translators

.*/contributors

.*/doc(-?)book(s?)/.*

.*ṗage

.*/info

.*1̇

doc

.*żabw

.*/potfiles

.*/install

.*ẇml

.*ċhm

.*ȯds

.*/copyright

.*/version

.*ċss

.*v̇card( ?)

.*/plan

.*/feature(s?)

.*ṫxt((ḃak)?)

.*/credits

.*/notes

.*/licence

.*ṫxt((ȯld)?)

.*ṁan

.*/howto

.*/license

.*ṙtf

.*i̇cs

.*/faq

.*/maintainers

.*ṫex

.*/documenters

.*copying

.*/copying

.*ṡgml

.*ġnumeric

.*/copying.*

.*/committers

.*ėps

.*v̇cf

.*/doc(s?)/.*

.*/thanks

.*ẋsd

.*ṡchemas

.*/help(s?)/.*

.*/authors

.*ṫexi

.*ḋoc

.*/bugs

.*ḋocx

Image

.*ėps

.*ṗpm

.*i̇cns

.*ėps

.*ṗgm

.*j̇pg

.*ċhm

.*ẋbm

img

.*j̇peg

.*ḃmp

.*ċhm

.*v̇dx

.*ġif

.*ṡgv(z?)

.*ṅsh

.*i̇co

.*ẋcf

   

Localization

.*/.potfilesi̇n( ?)

.*i̇18ns( ?)

.*ṗot( ?)

/po/.*

/strings.properties

.*ṁo( ?)

.*l̇inguas

.*ẇxl

l10n

.*ġmo( ?)

.*ṙesx( ?)

.*/locale(s?)/.*

.*ṗo( ?)

.*ċharset( ?)

   

User interface

.*\.glade(\d?)((\.bak)?)(~?)

.*ḋesktop

.*ẋul( ?)

.*\.gladed(\d?)((\.bak)?)(~?)

.*ūi

.*ẋpm

ui

.*\.gladep(\d?)((\.bak)?)(~?)

.*ṫheme

 

Multimedia

.*ṁp3

.*ṁp4

.*/media(s?)/.*

.*ṗfm

.*ṁpv

.*ṁml

.*/font(s?)/.*

.*ġnect

media

.*ȯgg

.*ȯgv

.*/icon(s?)/.*

.*ṡhape

.*ẇav

.*ȧu

.*ȯtf( ?)

.*ġnl

.*ṁov

.*ȧvi

.*ṡfd( ?)

.*ṗgn

.*ṁid

.*ẋspf

.*ṫtf( ?)

.*ċdf

.*ṁ4f

.*ṗs

.*ȧfm

.*ḃse

.*ṗls

.*ȯmf

.*ṗfb

.*ċur

Coding

.*ḋmg( ?)

.*ṡwg( ?)

.*ṡo( ?)

.*i̇( ?)

.*ȯ( ?)

.*ėxe( ?)

.*ȯafinfo( ?)

.*ṗyd( ?)

code

.*ȧwk( ?)

.*ṡcm( ?)

.*ġlsl( ?)

.*ṗatch( ?)

.*ċ((ṡwp)?)( ?)

.*/script(s?)/.*

.*j̇ar( ?)

.*/src/.*

.*ṁ((ṡwp)?)( ?)

.*ċs( ?)

.*i̇dl( ?)

.*ṡ( ?)

.*ṙ((ṡwp)?)( ?)

.*ċxx( ?)

.*ṗyc( ?)

.*ȧsm(x?)( ?)

.*ṗy((ṡwp)?)( ?)

.*ẏ((ṡwp)?)( ?)

.*\.gi((\.swp)?)(~?)

.*ṫ((ṡwp)?)( ?)

.*ḋll( ?)

.*\.hṫemplate((\.swp)?)(~?)

.*j̇s((ṡwp)?)( ?)

.*ṙb((ṡwp)?)( ?)

.*\.cṫemplate((\.swp)?)(~?)

.*ḣg((ṡwp)?)( ?)

.*ṗm((ṡwp)?)( ?)

.*\.php((\.swp)?)(\d?)(~?)

.*ċc((ṡwp)?)( ?)

.*ṡh((ṡwp)?)( ?)

.*\.php((\.swp)?)(\d?)(~?)

.*ėl((ṡwp)?)( ?)

.*ḣh((ṡwp)?)( ?)

.*\.h((pp)?)((\.swp)?)(~?)

.*ẋs((ṡwp)?)( ?)

.*ṗl((ṡwp)?)( ?)

.*\.h\.tmpl((\.swp)?)(~?)

.*ṁm((ṡwp)?)( ?)

.*i̇dl((ṡwp)?)( ?)

.*\.h.win32((\.swp)?)(~?)

.*ẋpt((ṡwp)?)( ?)

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.*\.*setting(s?).*/.*\.jp

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build

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.*ẇpj

 

.*\.vc(x?)proj(i?)n((\.filters((in)?))?)

.*\.vcproj((\\.filters((in)?))?)

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.*/hacking.*

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.*/devel(-?)doc(s?)/.*

  

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.*/test.*.̇*

 

test

    

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.*/libraries/.*

  

lib

    

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Vasilescu, B., Serebrenik, A., Goeminne, M. et al. On the variation and specialisation of workload—A case study of the Gnome ecosystem community. Empir Software Eng 19, 955–1008 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-013-9244-1

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