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Development nature matters: An empirical study of code clones in JavaScript applications

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Abstract

Code cloning is one of the active research areas in the software engineering community. Specifically, researchers have conducted numerous empirical studies on code cloning and reported that 7 % to 23 % of the code in a typical software system has been cloned. However, there was less awareness of code clones in dynamically-typed languages and most studies are limited to statically-typed languages such as Java, C, and C++. In addition, most previous studies did not consider different application domains such as standalone projects or web applications. As a result, very little is known about clones in dynamically-typed languages, such as JavaScript, in different application domains. In this paper, we report a large-scale clone detection experiment in a dynamically-typed programming language, JavaScript, for different application domains: web pages and standalone projects. Our experimental results showed that unlike JavaScript standalone projects, JavaScript web applications have 95 % of inter-file clones and 91–97 % of widely scattered clones. We observed that web application developers created clones intentionally and such clones may not be as risky as claimed in previous studies. Understanding the risks of cloning in web applications requires further studies, as cloning may be due to either good or bad intentions. Also, we identified unique development practices such as including browser-dependent or device-specific code in code clones of JavaScript web applications. This indicates that features of programming languages and technologies affect how developers duplicate code.

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Notes

  1. http://safe.kaist.ac.kr

  2. https://github.com/ruipgil/scraperjs/tree/v0.3.0

  3. https://github.com/trending?l=javascript&since=monthly

  4. http://plrg.kaist.ac.kr/research/material

  5. http://plrg.kaist.ac.kr/research/material

  6. https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/module/filter-js-inline

  7. https://developer.yahoo.com/performance/rules.html#external

  8. https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/collection/gajs/

  9. https://developers.google.com/speed/articles/javascript-dom

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Acknowledgments

This work is supported in part by Korea Ministry of Education, Science and Technology(MEST) / National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) (Grants NRF-2014R1A2A2A01003235 and NRF-2008-0062609), Samsung Electronics, and Google.

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  1. Department of Computer Science, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea

    Wai Ting Cheung & Sukyoung Ryu

  2. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China

    Sunghun Kim

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  1. Wai Ting Cheung
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Cheung, W.T., Ryu, S. & Kim, S. Development nature matters: An empirical study of code clones in JavaScript applications. Empir Software Eng 21, 517–564 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-015-9368-6

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