Abstract
This paper studies the satisfiability problem of poly-power constraints (conjunctions of poly-power equations and inequalities), in which poly-powers are univariate nonlinear functions that extend integer exponents of polynomials to real algebraic exponents. To solve the poly-power constraint, we present a sound and complete procedure that incorporates conflict-driven learning with the exclusion algorithm for isolating positive roots of poly-powers. Furthermore, we introduce a kind of optimal interval-splitting, based on the Stern–Brocot tree and on binary rational numbers respectively, so that the operands occurring in the execution are chosen to be as simple as possible. The solving procedure, thereby, turns out to be promisingly efficient on randomly generated examples.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Achatz, M., McCallum, S., Weispfenning, V.: Deciding polynomial–exponential problems. In: Sendra, J.R., González-Vega, L. (eds.) Proceedings of the 33rd ISSAC, pp. 215–222. ACM Press, New York (2008)
Akbarpour, B., Paulson, L.C.: MetiTarski: an automatic theorem prover for real-valued special functions. J. Autom. Reason. 44(3), 175–205 (2010)
Ax, J.: On Schanuel’s conjectures. Ann. Math. 93(2), 252–268 (1971)
Bonacina, M.P., Graham-Lengrand, S., Shankar, N.: Satisfiability modulo theories and assignments. In: de Moura, L. (ed.) Proceedings of the 26th CADE, LNCS, vol. 10395, pp. 42–59. Springer, New York (2017)
Bromberger, M., Sturm, T., Weidenbach, C.: Linear integer arithmetic revisited. In: Felty, A.P., Middeldorp, A. (eds.) Proceedings of the 25th CADE, LNCS, vol. 9195, pp. 623–637. Springer, New York (2015)
Cimatti, A., Griggio, A., Irfan, A., Roveri, M., Sebastiani, R.: Satisfiability modulo transcendental functions via incremental linearization. In: de Moura, L. (ed.) Proceedings of the 26th CADE, LNCS, vol. 10395, pp. 95–113. Springer, New York (2017)
Cimatti, A., Griggio, A., Schaafsma, B.J., Sebastiani, R.: The MathSAT5 SMT Solver. In: Piterman, N., Smolka, S.A. (eds.) Proceedings of the 19th TACAS, LNCS, vol. 7795, pp. 93–107. Springer, New York (2013)
Collins, G.E.: Quantifier elimination for real closed fields by cylindrical algebraic decomposition. In: Barkhage, H. (ed.) Proceedings of the 2nd GI Conference on Automata Theory and Formal Languages, LNCS, vol. 33, pp. 134–183. Springer, New York (1975)
Collins, G.E., Loos, R.: Polynomial real root isolation by differentiation. In: Jenks, R.D. (ed.) Proceedings of the 3rd SYMSAC, pp. 15–25. ACM Press, New York (1976)
Davis, M., Logemann, G., Loveland, D.: A machine program for theorem-proving. Commun. ACM 5(7), 394–397 (1962)
Davis, M., Putnam, H.: A computing procedure for quantification theory. JACM 7(3), 201–215 (1960)
de Moura, L., Bjørner, N.: Z3: An efficient SMT solver. In: Ramakrishnan, C.R., Rehof, J. (eds.) Proceedings of the 14th TACAS, LNCS, vol. 4963, pp. 337–340. Springer, New York (2008)
de Moura, L., Passmore, G.O.: Computation in real closed infinitesimal and transcendental extensions of the rationals. In: Bonacina, M.P. (ed.) Proceedings of the 24th CADE, LNCS, vol. 7898, pp. 178–192. Springer, New York (2013)
Dutertre, B., de Moura, L.: A fast linear-arithmetic solver for DPLL(T). In: Ball, T., Jones, R.B. (eds.) Proceedings of the 18th CAV, LNCS, vol. 4144, pp. 81–94. Springer, New York (2006)
Giunchiglia, F., Sebastiani, R.: Building decision procedures for modal logics from propositional decision procedures: the case study of modal K(m). Inf. Comput. 162(1–2), 158–178 (2000)
Graham, R.L., Knuth, D.E., Patashnik, O.: Concrete Mathematics: A Foundation for Computer Science, 2nd edn. Addison-Wesley, New York (1994)
Gustafson, G.B.: Systems of Differential Equations (1998). www.math.utah.edu/~gustafso/s2013/2250/systemsExamplesTheory2008.pdf. Accessed 27 Nov 2018
Huang, C.C., Li, J.C., Xu, M., Li, Z.B.: Positive root isolation for poly-powers by exclusion and differentiation. J. Symb. Comput. 85, 148–169 (2018)
Jovanović, D., de Moura, L.: Solving non-linear arithmetic. In: Gramlich, B., Miller, D., Sattler, U. (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th IJCAR, LNCS, vol. 7364, pp. 339–354. Springer, New York (2012)
Jovanović, D., de Moura, L.: Cutting to the chase-solving linear integer arithmetic. J. Autom. Reason. 51(1), 79–108 (2013)
Kailath, T.: Linear Systems. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River (1980)
Kaltofen, E.: Polynomial-time reductions from multivariate to bi- and univariate integral polynomial factorization. SIAM J. Comput. 14(2), 469–489 (1985)
Kroening, D., Strichman, O.: Decision Procedures—An Algorithmic Point of View, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin (2016)
Loos, R.: Computing in algebraic extensions. In: Buchberger, B., Collins, G.E., Loos, R. (eds.) Computer Algebra: Symbolic and Algebraic Computation, pp. 173–187. Springer, New York (1983)
Loup, U., Scheibler, K., Corzilius, F., Ábrahám, E., Becker, B.: A symbiosis of interval constraint propagation and cylindrical algebraic decomposition. In: Bonacina, M.P. (ed.) Proceedings of the 24th CADE, LNCS, vol. 7898, pp. 193–207. Springer, New York (2013)
Marques-Silva, J.P., Sakallah, K.A.: GRASP: a search algorithm for propositional satisfiability. IEEE Trans. Comput. 48(5), 506–521 (1999)
McCallum, S., Weispfenning, V.: Deciding polynomial–transcendental problems. J. Symb. Comput. 47(1), 16–31 (2012)
Nieuwenhuis, R., Oliveras, A., Tinelli, C.: Solving SAT and SAT modulo theories: from an abstract Davis–Putnam–Logemann–Loveland procedure to DPLL(T). JACM 53(6), 937–977 (2006)
Passmore, G.O.: Decidability of univariate real algebra with predicates for rational and integer powers. In: Felty, A.P., Middeldorp, A. (eds.) Proceedings of the 25th CADE, LNCS, vol. 9195, pp. 181–196. Springer, New York (2015)
Rouillier, F.: Solving zero-dimensional systems through the rational univariate representation. Appl. Algebra Eng. Commun. Comput. 9(5), 433–461 (1999)
She, Z., Li, H., Xue, B., Zheng, Z., Xia, B.: Discovering polynomial Lyapunov functions for continuous dynamical systems. J. Symb. Comput. 58, 41–63 (2013)
Siegel, C.L.: Transcendental Numbers. Princeton University Press, Princeton (1949)
Strzeboński, A.: Real root isolation for exp–log functions. In: Sendra, J.R., González-Vega, L. (eds.) Proceedings of the 33rd ISSAC, pp. 303–313. ACM Press, New York (2008)
Strzeboński, A.: Real root isolation for tame elementary functions. In: Johnson, J.R., Park, H., Kaltofen, E. (eds.) Proceedings of the 34th ISSAC, pp. 341–350. ACM Press, New York (2009)
van der Waerden, B.L.: Algebra I, 4th edn. Springer, Berlin (1991)
Xia, B., Yang, L.: An algorithm for isolating the real solutions of semi-algebraic systems. J. Symb. Comput. 34(5), 461–477 (2002)
Xu, M., Li, Z.B., Yang, L.: Quantifier elimination for a class of exponential polynomial formulas. J. Symb. Comput. 68(1), 146–168 (2015)
Yun, D.Y.Y.: On squarefree decomposition algorithms. In: Jenks, R.D. (ed.) Proceedings of the 3rd SYMSAC, pp. 26–35. ACM Press, New York (1976)
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the reviewers, whose careful and insightful comments improve the presentation of the paper and clarify inconsistencies significantly.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This work is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11871221 and 11435005), the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2018YFA0306704), and the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (No. 14DZ2260800).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Huang, CC., Xu, M. & Li, ZB. A Conflict-Driven Solving Procedure for Poly-Power Constraints. J Autom Reasoning 64, 1–20 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10817-018-09501-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10817-018-09501-z