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Allosteric antagonist binding sites in class B GPCRs: corticotropin receptor 1

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Abstract

The 41 amino acid neuropeptide, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its associated receptors CRF1-R and CRF2-R have been targeted for treating stress related disorders. Both CRF1-R and CRF2-R belong to the class B G-protein coupled receptors for which little information is known regarding the small molecule antagonist binding characteristics. However, it has been shown recently that different non-peptide allosteric ligands stabilize different receptor conformations for CRF1-R and hence an understanding of the ligand induced receptor conformational changes is important in the pharmacology of ligand binding. In this study, we modeled the receptor and identified the binding sites of representative small molecule allosteric antagonists for CRF1-R. The predicted binding sites of the investigated compounds are located within the transmembrane (TM) domain encompassing TM helices 3, 5 and 6. The docked compounds show strong interactions with H228 on TM3 and M305 on TM5 that have also been implicated in the binding by site directed mutation studies. H228 forms a hydrogen bond of varied strengths with all the antagonists in this study and this is in agreement with the decreased binding affinity of several compounds with H228F mutation. Also mutating M305 to Ile showed a sharp decrease in the calculated binding energy whereas the binding energy loss on M305 to Leu was less significant. These results are in qualitative agreement with the decrease in binding affinities observed experimentally. We further predicted the conformational changes in CRF1-R induced by the allosteric antagonist NBI-27914. Movement of TM helices 3 and 5 are dominant and generates three degenerate conformational states two of which are separated by an energy barrier from the third, when bound to NBI-27914. Binding of NBI-27914 was predicted to improve the interaction of the ligand with M305 and also enhanced the aromatic stacking between the ligand and F232 on TM3. A virtual ligand screening of ~13,000 compounds seeded with ~350 CRF1-R specific active antagonists performed on the NBI-27914 stabilized conformation of CRF1-R yielded a 44% increase in enrichment compared to the initially modeled receptor conformation at a 10% cutoff. The NBI-27914 stabilized conformation also shows a high enrichment for high affinity antagonists compared to the weaker ones. Thus, the conformational changes induced by NBI-27914 improved the ligand screening efficiency of the CRF1-R model and demonstrate a generalized application of the method in drug discovery.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Sanofi-Aventis for providing funding to N.V.’s group for this project.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA

    Supriyo Bhattacharya, Spencer Hall, Jianping Lin & Nagarajan Vaidehi

  2. Chemical and Analytical Sciences, Sanofi-Aventis, 1041, Route 202-206, Bridgewater, NJ, 08807, USA

    Govindan Subramanian & Abdelazize Laoui

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  1. Supriyo Bhattacharya
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  2. Govindan Subramanian
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  3. Spencer Hall
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  4. Jianping Lin
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  5. Abdelazize Laoui
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  6. Nagarajan Vaidehi
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Correspondence to Abdelazize Laoui or Nagarajan Vaidehi.

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Bhattacharya, S., Subramanian, G., Hall, S. et al. Allosteric antagonist binding sites in class B GPCRs: corticotropin receptor 1. J Comput Aided Mol Des 24, 659–674 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10822-010-9364-2

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