Skip to main content
Log in

GeRoNa: Generic Robot Navigation

A Modular Framework for Robot Navigation and Control

  • Published:
Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We present GeRoNa (Generic Robot Navigation), a modular navigation framework for wheeled mobile robots. This framework supports many different kinematic configurations of wheeled robots and was experimentally verified on eight different real-world robotic platforms, including Ackermann steering, bi-steerable, skid-steered, differentially-driven and omnidirectional vehicles. The real-world experiments include indoor and outdoor tests, on various terrain types, driving up to 6 m/s. The framework provides A*-based path planning algorithms, high speed obstacle avoidance (tested at speeds up to 2.5 m/s) and twelve different control algorithms for path following. In this paper, we present the whole framework, detail every controller and provide an extensive experimental evaluation of the most important components. The entire framework is already open-source available, written in C++ and based on ROS (Robot Operating System).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. ROS Navigation Stack - A 2D navigation package that controls a mobile base, http://wiki.ros.org/navigation, Accessed: 2017-06-09

  2. Quigley, M., Conley, K., Gerkey, B., Faust, J., Foote, T., Leibs, J., Wheeler, R., Ng, A.Y.: ROS: An open-source Robot Operating System ICRA workshop on open source software (2009)

  3. Buck, S., Hanten, R., Bohlmann, K., Zell, A.: Generic 3D obstacle detection for AGVs using time-of-flight cameras. In: IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp. 4119–4124 (2016)

  4. Dolgov, D., Thrun, S., Montemerlo, M., Diebel, J.: Practical search techniques in path planning for autonomous driving. Ann. Arbor 1001(48105), 18–80 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Huskić, G., Buck, S., Ibargüen González, L.A., Zell, A.: Outdoor person following at higher speeds using a skid-steered mobile robot. In: IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Vancouver, Canada (2017)

  6. Hart, P.E., Nilsson, N.J., Raphael, B.: A formal basis for the heuristic determination of minimum cost paths. IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics 4(2), 100–107 (1968)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. De Luca, A., Oriolo, G., Samson, C.: Feedback control of a nonholonomic car-like robot. In: Robot Motion Planning and Control, pp 171–253. Springer, Berlin (1998)

  8. Samson, C.: Path following and time-varying feedback stabilization of a wheeled mobile robot. Proceedings of the international conference on advanced robotics and computer vision 13, 1–1 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Coulter, R.C.: Implementation of the pure pursuit path tracking algorithm. No. CMU-RI-TR-92-01 CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA ROBOTICS INST (1992)

  10. Snider, J.M.: Automatic steering methods for autonomous automobile path tracking. Robotics Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, Tech. Rep CMU-RITR-09-08 (2009)

  11. Thrun, S., Montemerlo, M., Dahlkamp, H., Stavens, D., Aron, A., Diebel, J., Fong, P., Gale, J., Halpenny, M., Hoffmann, G., Lau, K.: Stanley: the robot that won the DARPA grand challenge. J. Field Rob. 23(9), 661–692 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Hoffmann, G.M., Tomlin, C.J., Montemerlo, M. , Thrun, S.: Autonomous automobile trajectory tracking for off-road driving: controller design, experimental validation and racing. In: American Control Conference, ACC’07. pp. 2296–2301. IEEE (2007)

  13. Mojaev, A. , Zell, A.: Tracking control and adaptive local navigation for nonholonomic mobile robot. In: The 8th Conference on Intelligent Autonomous System (2004)

  14. Li, X., Wang, M., Zell, A.: Dribbling control of omnidirectional soccer robots. In: 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 2623-2628. IEEE (2007)

  15. Huskić, G., Buck, S., Zell, A.: A simple and effcient path following algorithm for wheeled mobile robots. Intelligent Autonomous Systems (IAS-14) (2016)

  16. Huskić, G., Buck, S., Zell, A.: Path following control of skid-steered wheeled mobile robots at higher speeds on different terrain types. In: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Singapore (2017)

  17. Mandow, A., Martinez, J.L., Morales, J., Blanco, J.L., Garcia-Cerezo, A., Gonzalez, J.: Experimental kinematics for wheeled skid-steer mobile robots. In: IROS IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems 2007, pp. 1222–1227. IEEE (2007)

  18. Pentzer, J., Brennan, S. , Reichard, K.: The use of unicycle robot control strategies for skid-steer robots through the ICR kinematic mapping. In: IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2014), pp. 3201–3206. IEEE (2014)

  19. Martínez, J.L., Mandow, A., Morales, J., Pedraza, S., García-Cerezo, A.: Approximating kinematics for tracked mobile robots. Int. J. Robot. Res. 24(10), 867–878 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Pentzer, J., Brennan, S., Reichard, K.: Model-based prediction of skid-steer robot kinematics using online estimation of track instantaneous centers of rotation. J. Field Rob. 31(3), 455–476 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. De Wit, C.C., Khennouf, H., Samson, C., Sordalen, O.J.: Nonlinear control design for mobile robots. Recent Trends in Mobile Robots 11, 121–156 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Soetanto, D., Lapierre, L., Pascoal, A.: Adaptive, non-singular path-following control of dynamic wheeled robots. In: Proceedings 42nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, vol. 2, pp. 1765–1770. IEEE (2003)

  23. Indiveri, G., Nüchter, A. , Lingemann, K.: High speed differential drive mobile robot path following control with bounded wheel speed commands. In: 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 2202–2207. IEEE (2007)

  24. Olmedo, N.A., Zhang, H., Lipsett, M.: Mobile robot system architecture for people tracking and following applications. In: 2014 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO), pp. 825–830. IEEE (2014)

  25. Leigh, A., Pineau, J., Olmedo, N., Zhang, H.: Person tracking and following with 2d laser scanners. In: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 726–733. IEEE (2015)

  26. Koren, Y., Borenstein, J.: Potential field methods and their inherent limitations for mobile robot navigation. In: Proceedings of 1991 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation 1991, pp. 1398–1404. IEEE (1991)

  27. Siegwart, R., Nourbakhsh, I.R., Scaramuzza, D.: Autonomous mobile robots. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2004)

  28. Fox, D., Burgard, W., Thrun, S: The dynamic window approach to collision avoidance. IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag. 4(1), 23–33 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Buck, S., Hanten, R., Huskić, G., Rauscher, G., Kloss, A., Leininger, J., Ruff, E., Widmaier, F., Zell, A.: Conclusions from an object-delivery robotic competition: Sick robot day 2014. In: International Conference on Advanced Robotics (ICAR), pp. 137–143. IEEE (2015)

  30. Kanjanawanishkul, K., Zell, A.: Path following for an omnidirectional mobile robot based on model predictive control. In: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2009. ICRA’09, pp. 3341–3346. IEEE (2009)

  31. Roboter - Familienausstellung - an exhibition in the City Musem of Tübingen, July 2 - October 15, 2017, https://www.tuebingen.de/stadtmuseum/16923.html

Download references

Acknowledgements

Goran Huskić would like to thank the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for his Ph.D. scholarship. Special thanks to Simon Lacroix and Matthieu Herrb from the research institute LAAS-CNRS in Toulouse, France, for a fruitful and pleasant collaboration and all the help with the Segway RMP 440 robot Minnie.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Goran Huskić.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Huskić, G., Buck, S. & Zell, A. GeRoNa: Generic Robot Navigation. J Intell Robot Syst 95, 419–442 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-018-0951-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-018-0951-0

Keywords

Navigation