Abstract
Recently, we derived some new numerical quadrature formulas of trapezoidal rule type for the integrals \(I^{(1)}[g]=\int ^b_a \frac{g(x)}{x-t}\,dx\) and \(I^{(2)}[g]=\int ^b_a \frac{g(x)}{(x-t)^2}\,dx\). These integrals are not defined in the regular sense; \(I^{(1)}[g]\) is defined in the sense of Cauchy Principal Value while \(I^{(2)}[g]\) is defined in the sense of Hadamard Finite Part. With \(h=(b-a)/n, \,n=1,2,\ldots \), and \(t=a+kh\) for some \(k\in \{1,\ldots ,n-1\}, \,t\) being fixed, the numerical quadrature formulas \({Q}^{(1)}_n[g]\) for \(I^{(1)}[g]\) and \(Q^{(2)}_n[g]\) for \(I^{(2)}[g]\) are
and
We provided a complete analysis of the errors in these formulas under the assumption that \(g\in C^\infty [a,b]\). We actually show that
the constants \(c^{(k)}_i\) being independent of \(h\). In this work, we apply the Richardson extrapolation to \({Q}^{(k)}_n[g]\) to obtain approximations of very high accuracy to \(I^{(k)}[g]\). We also give a thorough analysis of convergence and numerical stability (in finite-precision arithmetic) for them. In our study of stability, we show that errors committed when computing the function \(g(x)\), which form the main source of errors in the rest of the computation, propagate in a relatively mild fashion into the extrapolation table, and we quantify their rate of propagation. We confirm our conclusions via numerical examples.
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Notes
The usual notation for integrals defined in the sense of CPV and HFP is \(-\!\!\!\!\!\int ^b_a f(x)\,dx\), and \(=\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\int ^b_a f(x)\,dx\), respectively. In this work, we denote both of them by \(\int ^b_af(x)\,dx\), as in (1.1) and (1.2), for simplicity. For the definition and properties of CPV and HFP integrals, see Davis and Rabinowitz [5], Evans [6], or Kythe and Schäferkotter [9], for example.
Actually, in the treatment given in [13, Chapter 1], we have considered the more general case in which (i) \(\sigma _i\) can be complex and satisfy \(\mathfrak {R}\sigma _1<\mathfrak {R}\sigma _2<\cdots ;\quad \lim _{i\rightarrow \infty }\mathfrak {R}\sigma _i=\infty \), and (ii)\(\, \lim _{y\rightarrow 0}A(y)\) may not have to exist, in which case \(A\) is said to be the antilimit of \(A(y)\) as \(y \rightarrow 0\). Divergence may take place, if \(\mathfrak {R}\sigma _1\le 0\), for example.
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Sidi, A. Richardson Extrapolation on Some Recent Numerical Quadrature Formulas for Singular and Hypersingular Integrals and Its Study of Stability. J Sci Comput 60, 141–159 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10915-013-9788-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10915-013-9788-7
Keywords
- Cauchy principal value
- Hadamard finite part
- Singular integral
- Hypersingular integral
- Numerical quadrature
- Trapezoidal rule
- Euler–Maclaurin expansion
- Richardson extrapolation