Abstract
Clustering is an effective technique to prolong network lifetime for energy-constrained wireless sensor networks. Due to the many-to-one traffic pattern in a multi-hop network, the nodes closer to the sink also help to relay data for those farther away from the sink, and hence they consume much more energy and tend to die faster. This paper proposes a sink-oriented layered clustering (SOLC) protocol to better balance energy consumption among nodes with different distances to the sink. In SOLC, the sensor field is divided into concentric rings, and the SOLC protocol consists of intra-ring clustering and inter-ring routing. We compute the optimal ring width and the numbers of cluster heads in different rings to balance energy consumption between intra-cluster data processing and inter-cluster data relaying. Cluster heads in a ring closer to the sink has smaller sizes than those in the rings farther away from the sink, and hence they can spend less energy for intra-cluster data processing and more energy for inter-cluster data relay. Simulation results show that the SOLC protocol can outperform several existing clustering protocols in terms of improved network lifetime.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The argument for using received signal strength to joint a cluster is the same as that in the LEACH [4]
References
Akyildiz I, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y, Cayirci E (2002) Wireless sensor networks: a survey. Comput Netw 39(4):393–422
Abbasi AA, Younis M (2007) A survey on clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks. Comput Commun (Elsevier) 30(14–15):2826–2841
Heinzelman WR, Chandrakasn A, Balakrishnan H (2000) Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. In: IEEE the 33rd Annual Hawaii international conference on system sciences, pp 1–10
Heinzelman WB, Chandrakasan AP, Balakrishnan H (2002) An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks. IEEE Trans Wirel Commun 1(4):660–670
Younis O, Fahmy S (2004) Heed: a hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks. IEEE Trans Mob Comput 3(4):366–379
Bandyopadhyay S, Coyle EJ (2003) An energy efficient hierarchical clustering algorithm for wireless sensor networks. In: IEEE Infocom, pp 1713–1723
Smaragdakis G, Matta I, Bestavros A (2004) Sep: a stable election protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. In: The 2nd international workshop on sensor and actor network protocols and applications (SANPA), in conjuction with Mobiquitous, pp 1–11
Qing L, Zhu Q, Wang W (2006) Design of a distributed energy-efficient clustering algorithm for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Comput Commun (Elsevier) 29(12):2230–2237
Gautam N, Pyun J-Y (2010) Distance aware intelligent clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks. KICS J Commun Netw 12(2):122–129
Gao H, Li H, Cheng Y (2010) A hybrid relative distance based cluster scheme for energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. In: IEEE Global telecommunications conference (Globecom), pp 1–5
Law K, Okeke B (2010) Lifetime extending heuristic for clustered wireless sensor networks. In: IEEE Globel telecommunications conference (Globecom), pp 1–5
Jin Y, Wei D, Vural S, Gluhak A, Moessner K (2011) A distributed energy-efficient re-clustering solution for wireless sensor networks. In: IEEE Global telecommunications conference (Globecom), pp 1–6
Ye M, Li C, Chen G, Wu J (2005) Eecs: An energy ecient clustering scheme in wireless sensor networks. In: IEEE the 24th international performance, computing, and communications conference (IPCCC), pp 535–540
Chen G, Li C, Ye M, Wu J (2009) An unequal cluster-based routing protocol in wireless sensor networks. Wirel Netw (Springer) 15(2):193–207
Mhatre V, Rosenberg C (2004) Design guidelines for wireless sensor networks: communication, clustering and aggregation. Ad Hoc Netw (Elsevier) 2(1):45–63
Mhatre V, Rosenberg C (2004) Homogeneous vs heterogeneous clustered sensor networks: a comparative study. In: IEEE International conference on communications (ICC), pp 3646–3651
Low CP, Fang C, Ng JM, Ang YH (2008) Efficient load-balanced clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks. Comput Commun (Elsevier) 31(4):750–759
Bari A, Jaekel A, Bandyopadhyay S (2008) Clustering strategies for improving the lifetime of two-tiered sensor networks. Comput Commun (Elsevier) 31(14):3451–3459
Shu T, Krunz M, Vrudhula S (2005) Power balanced coverage-time optimization for clustered wireless sensor networks. In: ACM international symposium on mobile ad hoc networking and computing (MobiHoc), pp 111–120
Soro S, Heinzelman WB (2005) Prolonging the lifetime of wireless sensor networks via unequal clustering. In: IEEE international parallel and distributed processing symposium (IPDPS), pp 236–243
Jin Y, Wang L, Kim Y, Yang X-Z (2008) Energy efficient non-uniform clustering division scheme in wireless sensor networks. Wirel Pers Commun (Springer) 45(1):31–43
Chiasserini C-F, Garetto G (2004) Modeling the performance of wireless sensor networks. In: IEEE Infocom, pp 220–231
Olariu S, Stojmenovic I (2006) Design guidelines for maximizing lifetime and avoiding energy holes in sensor networks with uniform distribution and uniform reporting. In: IEEE Infocom, pp 1–12
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the editors and anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments that have helped to improve the paper. This work is partly supported by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2013QN139, 2013QN140). The corresponding author is Dr. Bang Wang.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mo, Y., Wang, B., Liu, W. et al. A Sink-Oriented Layered Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Mobile Netw Appl 18, 639–650 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-013-0443-1
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-013-0443-1