Abstract
Vehicle re-identification (Re-ID) technology plays an important role in the intelligent transportation system for smart city. Due to various uncertain factors in the real-world scenarios, (e.g., resolution variation, viewpoint variation, illumination changes, occlusion, etc., vehicle Re-ID is a very challenging task. To resist the adverse effect of resolution variation, a joint pyramid feature representation network (JPFRN) for vehicle Re-ID is proposed in this paper. Based on the consideration that various convolution blocks with different depths hold different resolutions and semantic information of the vehicle image, the proposed JPFRN method employs a base network to obtain multi-resolution vehicle features in the first stage. Then, a pyramid feature representation scheme is developed to reconstruct and integrate the obtained multi-resolution vehicle features together. Finally, these pyramid features are jointly represented for learning a more discriminative feature under the supervision of joint Triplet loss and softmax loss. Extensive experimental results on two commonly-used vehicle databases (i.e., VehicleID and VeRi) show that the proposed JPFRN is superior to multiple recently-developed vehicle Re-ID methods.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kuutti S, Fallah S, Katsaros K, Dianati K, Mccullough F, Mouzakitis A (2018) A survey of the state-of-the-art localization techniques and their potentials for autonomous vehicle applications. IEEE Internet Things J 5(2):829–46
Zhu J, Huang J, Zeng H, Ye X, Li B, Lei Z, Zheng L (2020) Object re-identification via joint quadruple decorrelation directional deep networks in smart transportation. IEEE Internet Things J 1-1
García-Magariño I, Sendra S, Lacuesta R, Lloret J (2019) Security in vehicles with IoT by prioritization rules, vehicle certificates, and trust management. IEEE Internet Things J 6(4):2372–2541
Yang L, Luo P, Change Loy C, Tang X (2015) A large-scale car dataset for fine-grained categorization and verification. In: Proceedings of IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 3973–3981
Sochor J, Herout A, Havel J (2016) BoxCars: 3D boxes as cnn input for improved fine-grained vehicle recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 3006–3015
Matei BC, Sawhney HS, Samarasekera S (2011) Vehicle tracking across nonoverlapping cameras using joint kinematic and appearance features. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 3465–3472
Guo J, Hsia C, Wong K, Wu J, Wu Y, Wang N (2015) Nighttime vehicle lamp detection and tracking with adaptive mask training. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 65(6):4023–4032
Chen X, Xiang S, Liu C, Pan C (2014) Vehicle detection in satellite images by hybrid deep convolutional neural networks. IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Lett 11(10):1797–1801
Fan Q, Brown L, Smith J (2016) A closer look at Faster R-CNN for vehicle detection. In: Proceedings of the IIEEE intelligent vehicles symposium, pp 124–129
Liu H, Tian Y, Yang Y, Pang L, Huang T (2016) Deep relative distance learning: tell the difference between similar vehicles. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 2167–2175
Zhu J, Zeng H, Du Y, Lei Z, Zheng L, Cai C (2018) Joint feature and similarity deep learning for vehicle re-identification. IEEE Access 6:43724–43731
Velera M, Velastin SA (2005) Intelligent distributed surveillance systems: a review. IEE Proc - Vision Image Signal Process 152(2):192–204
Zheng Y, Capra L, Wolfson O, Yang H (2014) Urban computing: concepts, methodologies, and applications. ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol 5(3):38
Liu X, Liu W, Ma H, Fu H (2016) In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on multimedia and expo, Chongqing
Lin W, Tong D (2011) Vehicle re-identification with dynamic time windows for vehicle passage time estimation. IEEE Trans Intell Trans Syst 12(4):1057–1063
Kwong K, Kavaler R, Rajagopal R, Varaiya P (2009) Arterial travel time estimation based on vehicle re-identification using wireless sensors. Transp Res Part C: Emerg Technol 17(6):586–606
Zhao R, Ouyang W, Wang X (2013) Unsupervised salience learning for person re-identification. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 3586–3593
Liao S, Hu Y, Zhu X, Li SZ (2015) Person re-identification by local maximal occurrence representation and metric learning. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 2197–2206
Zheng L, Shen L, Tian L, Wang S, Wang J, Tian Q (2015) Scalable person re-identification: a benchmark. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 1116–1124
Song C, Huang Y, Ouyang W, Wang L (2018) Mask-guided contrastive attention model for person re-identification. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 1179–1188
Cai L, Zhu J, Zeng H, Chen J, Cai C, Ma KK (2018) HOG-assisted deep feature learning for pedestrian gender recognition. J Franklin Inst 355(4):1991–2008
Zhu J, Zeng H, Huang J, Zhu X, Lei Z, Cai L, Zheng L (2019) Body symmetry and part locality guided direct nonparametric deep feature enhancement for person re-identification. IEEE Internet Things J 1-1
Zhu J, Zeng H, Liao S, Lei Z, Cai C, Zheng L (2018) Deep hybrid similarity learning for person re-identification. IEEE Trans Circ Syst Video Technol 20(11):3183–3193
Farenzena M, Bazzani L, Parina A, Murino V, Cristani M (2012) Person re-identification by symmetry-driven accumulation of local features. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 2360–2367
Liu X, Liu W, Mei T, Ma H (2016) A deep learning-based approach to progressive vehicle re-identification for urban surveillance. In: Proceedings of the European conference on computer vision, pp 869–884
Krizhevsky A, Sutskever I, Hinton GE (2012) ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. In: Proceedings of the 25th international conference on neural information processing systems, pp 1097–1105
Simonyan K, Zisserman A (2014) Very deep convolutional networks for largescale image recognition. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556
Szegedy C, Liu W, Jia Y, Sermanet P, Reed S, Anguelov D, Erhan D, Vanhoucke V, Rabinovich A (2015) Going deeper with convolutions. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 1–9
He K, Zhang X, Ren S, Sun J (2016) Deep residual learning for image recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 770–778
Bai Y, Lou Y, Gao F, Wang S, Wu Y, Duan L (2018) Group-sensitive triplet embedding for vehicle reidentification. IEEE Trans Multimed 20(9):2385–2399
Zhang Y, Liu D, Zha Z (2017) Improving triplet-wise training of convolutional neural network for vehicle re-identification. In: Proceedings of thee IEEE international conference on multimedia and expo, pp 1386–1391
Zhou Y, Shao L (2018) Viewpoint-aware attentive multi-view inference for vehicle re-identification. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 6489–6498
Zhou Y, Liu L, Shao L (2018) Vehicle re-identification by deep hidden multi-view inference. IEEE Trans Image Process 27(7):3275–3287
Hou J, Zeng H, Cai L, Zhu J, Chen J, Ma KK (2019) IMulti-label learning with multi-label smoothing regularization for vehicle re-identification. In: INeurocomputing, pp 15–22
Zhu J, Zeng H, Huang J, Liao S, Lei Z, Cai C, Zheng L (2019) Vehicle re-identification using quadruple directional deep learning features. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 21(1):410–420
Ni Z, Zeng H, Ma L, Hou J, Chen J, Ma K (2018) A Gabor feature-based quality assessment model for the screen content images. IEEE Trans Image Process 27(9):4516–4528
Fu Y, Zeng H, Ma L, Ni Z, Zhu J, Ma K (2018) Screen content image quality assessment using multi-scale difference of Gaussian. IEEE Trans Circ Syst Video Technol 28(9):2428–2432
Zhou B, Khosla A, Lapedriza A, Oliva A, Torralba A (2016) Learning deep features for discriminative localization. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 2921–2929
Schroff F, Kalenichenko D, Philbin J (2015) Facenet: a unified embedding for face recognition and clustering. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 815–823
Hou J, Zeng H, Zhu J, Hou J, Chen J, Ma KK (2019) Deep quadruplet appearance learning for vehicle re-identification. In: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, pp 1–1
Sun Y, Chen Y, Wang X, Tang X (2014) Deep learning face representation by joint identification-verification. In: Proceedings of the advances in neural information processing systems, pp 1988–1996
Zheng Z, Zheng L, Yang Y (2018) A discriminatively learned CNN embedding for person reidentification. ACM Trans Multimed Comput Commun Appl (TOMM) 14(1):13
Gray D, Brennan S, Tao H (2007) Evaluating appearance models for recognition, reacquisition, and tracking. In: IEEE international workshop on performance evaluation for tracking and surveillance (PETS), vol 3(5), pp 1–7
Liu X, Liu W, Mei T, Ma H (2018) PROVID: progressive and multimodal vehicle reidentification for large-scale urban surveillance. IEEE Trans Multimed 20(3):645–658
Li Y, Li Y, Yan H, Liu J (2017) Deep joint discriminative learning for vehicle re-identification and retrieval. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on image processing, pp 395–399
Huang G, Liu Z, Van Der Maaten L, Weinberger KQ (2017) Densely connected convolutional networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 700–4708
Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under the grants 61871434, 61602191, and 61802136, in part by the Natural Science Foundation for Outstanding Young Scholars of Fujian Province under the grant 2019J06017, in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province under the grant 2017J05103, in part by the Fujian-100 Talented People Program, in part by the Key Science and Technology Project of Xiamen City under the grant 3502ZCQ20191005, in part by High-level Talent Innovation Program of Quanzhou City under the grant 2017G027, in part by the Promotion Program for Young and Middle-aged Teacher in Science and Technology Research of Huaqiao University under the grants ZQN-YX403 and ZQN-PY418, and in part by the High-Level Talent Project Foundation of Huaqiao University under the grants 14BS201, 14BS204 and 16BS108, and in part by the Subsidized Project for Postgraduates Innovative Fund in Scientific Research of Huaqiao University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lin, X., Zeng, H., Hou, J. et al. Joint Pyramid Feature Representation Network for Vehicle Re-identification. Mobile Netw Appl 25, 1781–1792 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-020-01561-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-020-01561-z