Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A robust content based audio watermarking using UDWT and invariant histogram

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Desynchronization attack is known as one of the most difficult attacks to resist, for it can desynchronize the location of the watermark and hence causes incorrect watermark detection. It is a challenging work to design a robust audio watermarking scheme against desynchronization attacks. Based on undecimated discrete wavelet transform (UDWT) and invariant histogram, we propose a new content based audio watermarking algorithm with good audible quality and reasonable resistance toward desynchronization attacks in this paper. Firstly, the undecimated discrete wavelet transform (UDWT) is performed on original host audio. Secondly, the invariant histogram is extracted from a selected wavelet coefficients range in the low frequency subband. Then, the bin of histogram is divided into many groups, each group including four consecutive bins. For each group, one watermark bit is embedded by reassigning the number of wavelet coefficients in this group of four bins. Finally, the digital watermark is embedded into the original audio signal in UDWT domain by modifying a small set of wavelet coefficients. Simulation results show that the proposed watermarking scheme is not only inaudible and robust against common signal processing operations such as MP3 compression, noise addition, and low-pass filtering etc, but also robust against the desynchronization attacks such as random cropping, time-scale modification, pitch shifting, and jittering etc.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Arnold M, Baum PG. A Phase Modulation Audio Watermarking Technique. 11th International Workshop, IH 2009, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5806:102–116

  2. Coltuc D, Bolon P (1999) Watermarking by histogram specification. Proceeding of the SPIE International Conference on Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents II, 252–263

  3. Coltuc D, Bolon P, Chassery JM (2002) Fragile and robust watermarking by histogram specification. Proc SPIE Int Conf Secur Watermarking Multimed Contents IV 4675:701–710

    Google Scholar 

  4. Cox IJ, Matthew LM, Jeffrey AB et al (2007) Digital watermarking and steganography, 2nd edn. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers (Elsevier), Burlington

    Google Scholar 

  5. Cvejic N, Seppänen T (2007) Digital audio watermarking techniques and technologies: applications and benchmarks. Information Science Reference, Hershey

    Book  Google Scholar 

  6. Erçelebi E, Batakçı L (2009) Audio watermarking scheme based on embedding strategy in low frequency components with a binary image. Digital Signal Process 19(2):265–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Huang JW, Wang Y, Shi YQ (2002) A blind audio watermarking algorithm with self-synchronization. In Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Circuits System, Arizona, USA 3:627–630

  8. Kalantari NK, Akhaee MA, Ahadi SM, Amindavar H (2009) Robust multiplicative patchwork method for audio watermarking. IEEE Trans Audio Speech Lang Process 17(6):1133–1141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Kirovski D, Malvar H (2003) Spread-spectrum watermarking of audio signals. IEEE Trans Signal Process 51(4):1020–1033

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  10. Li SZ (2000) Content-based audio classification and retrieval using the nearest feature line method. IEEE Trans Speech Audio Process 8(5):619–625

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Li W, Xue X (2006) Localized audio watermarking technique robust against time-scale modification. IEEE Trans Multimedia 8(1):60–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Lian S, Kanellopoulos D, Ruffo G (2009) Recent advances in multimedia information system security. Informatica 33(1):3–24

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  13. Lin CH, Chan DY, Su H, Hsieh WS (2006) Histogram-oriented watermarking algorithm: color image watermarking scheme robust against geometric attacks and signal processing. IEE Proc Vis Image Signal Process 153(4):483–492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Mallat S (1989) A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: the wavelet representation. IEEE Trans o Pattern Anal Mach Intell 11(7):674–693

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Mansour M, Tewfik A (2005) Data embedding in audio using time-scale modification. IEEE Trans Speech Audio Process 13(3):432–440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Park C-M, Thapa D, Wang G-N (2007) Speech authentication system using digital watermarking and pattern recovery. Pattern Recognit Lett 28(8):931–938

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Shensa MJ (1992) The discrete wavelet transform: wedding the a trous and Mallat algorithms. IEEE Trans Signal Process 40(10):2464–2482

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  18. Vivekananda Bhat K, Sengupta I, Das A (2010) An adaptive audio watermarking based on the singular value decomposition in the wavelet domain. Digital Signal Processing doi:10.1016/j.dsp.2010.02.006

  19. Wang XY, Zhao H (2006) A novel synchronization invariant digital watermarking scheme based on DWT and DCT. IEEE Trans Signal Process 54(12):4835–4840

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Wang XY, Qi W, Niu PP (2007) A new adaptive digital audio watermarking based on support vector regression. IEEE Trans On Audio Speech Lang Process 15(8):2270–2277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Wang H, Nishimura R, Suzuki Y, Mao L (2008) Fuzzy self-adaptive digital audio watermarking based on time-spread echo hiding. Appl Acoust 69(10):868–874

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Wei FS, Feng X, Mengyuan L (2005) A blind audio watermarking scheme using peak point extraction. IEEE Int Symp Circuits Syst 4409–4412

  23. Wu SQ, Huang JW, Shi YQ (2005) Efficiently self-synchronized audio watermarking for assured audio data transmission. IEEE Trans Broadcasting 51(1):69–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Xiang S, Huang J (2007) Histogram-based audio watermarking against time-scale modification and cropping attacks. IEEE Trans Multimedia 9(7):357–1372

    Google Scholar 

  25. Xiang S, Huang J, Yang R (2007) Time-scale invariant audio watermarking based on the statistical features in time domain. Lect Notes Comput Sci 4437:93–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Xiang S, Kim HJ, Huang J (2008) Audio watermarking robust against time-scale modification and MP3 compression. Signal Process 88(10):2372–2387

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  27. Yang R, Kang X, Huang JW. Robust Audio Watermarking Based on Log-Polar Frequency Index. In Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop of Digital Watermarking (IWDW 2009), 2009, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5450: 124–138.

  28. Zhang X (2008) Segmenting Histogram-based robust audio watermarking approach. J Softw 3(9):3–11

    Google Scholar 

  29. Zhang L, Chen L-m, Qian G-b (2006) Self-synchronization adaptive blind audio watermarking. In Proceedings of 12th International Multi-Media Modelling Conference 1: 381–384

  30. Zhang X, Yin X, Yu Z (2008) Histogram Specification-based audio watermarking technology against filtering attacks in time domain. Proceedings of The 2008 International Symposium on Electronic Commerce and Security, ISECS 2008, August 3–5, 2008, Guangzhou, China, 951–956

Download references

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 60773031 & 60873222; the Open Foundation of Network and Data Security Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology of China under Grant No. SKLNST-2008-1-01; the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics Nanjing University under Grant No. 08-02; the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Intelligent Computing, Ministry of Education; and Liaoning Research Project for Institutions of Higher Education of China under Grant No. L2010230 & 2008351.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Computer and Information Technology, Liaoning Normal University, No.850, Huanghe Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116029, China

    Hong-ying Yang, De-wang Bao, Xiang-yang Wang & Pan-pan Niu

  2. The Network and Data Security Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611731, China

    Xiang-yang Wang

Authors
  1. Hong-ying Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. De-wang Bao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Xiang-yang Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Pan-pan Niu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xiang-yang Wang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Yang, Hy., Bao, Dw., Wang, Xy. et al. A robust content based audio watermarking using UDWT and invariant histogram. Multimed Tools Appl 57, 453–476 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-010-0644-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-010-0644-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation