Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Socio-technical aspects of remote media control for a NG9-1-1 system

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

9-1-1 emergency calls mostly involve distress situations that cause people to panic while trying to answer questions or follow instructions given by a dispatcher. To obtain precious information with the least user intervention and reduced stress on the user, there is a need for the dispatcher to have a better control and understanding of the condition or situation at the other end. The increasing growth of smartphones embedded with camera, speaker phone, GPS, microphone and various other sensors, extends their usage from merely making calls to life saving gadgets during critical situations. By integrating these sensor rich smartphones and the rapidly growing VoIP technology, we propose a VoIP based Next Generation 9-1-1 (NG9-1-1) system for remote media control. Specifically, we use Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) in the implementation of the system using a mobile and a PC client. The proposed system on the mobile client accounted for less than 25% of CPU utilization even with video transmission. The average network utilization was about 10 and 72 kbps for audio and video, respectively. With these encouraging results, we believe the proposed remote media control system will facilitate information acquisition and decision making in emergency situations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Azimi-Sadjadi B (2003) Stability of networked control systems in the presence of packet losses. In: Proceedings of IEEE conference on decision and control

  2. Baillieul J, Antsaklis PJ (2007) Control and communication challenges in networked real-time systems. In: Proceedings of the IEEE

  3. Bergstra J, Middelburg C (2003) ITU-T recommendation G.107: the E-model, a computational model for use in transmission planning. Tech rep

  4. Bergstrand F, Landgren J (2009) Information sharing using live video in emergency response work. In: Proceedings of the 6th international, ISCRAM conference

  5. Biernacki A (2006) VoIP source model based on the hyperexponential distribution. In: PWASET

  6. Caesar MC, Ghosal D, Katz RH (2002) Resource management for IP telephony networks. In: 10th international workshop on quality of service (IWQoS 2002)

  7. Campbell B, Rosenberg J, Youjian L (2002) Session initiation protocol (SIP) extension for instant messaging. RFC 3428, Internet Engineering Task Force. http://rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3429.txt

  8. Casilari E, Montes H, Sandoval F (2002) Modelling of voice traffic over IP networks

  9. Chandra S, Ellis CS (1999) JPEG compression metric as a quality aware image transcoding. In: 2nd symposium on Internet technologies and systems, USENIX

  10. Chiu CW, Chao PCP, Wu DY (2007) Optimal design of magnetically actuated optical image stabilizer mechanism for cameras in mobile phones via genetic algorithm. IEEE Trans Magn 43:2582–2584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Dantu R, Fahmy S, Schulzrinne H, Cangussul J (2009) Issues and challenges in securing VoIP. In: Computer security

  12. De Cicco L, Mascolo S (2010) A mathematical model of the Skype VoIP congestion control algorithm. IEEE Trans Automat Contr 55:790–795

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Empirix (2009) Hammer call analyzer. http://www.empirix.com/products/hammer_call_analyzer.asp

  14. Gupta P, Shmatikov V (2007) Security analysis of voice-over-IP protocols. In: 20th IEEE computer security foundations symposium

  15. http://www.nena.org/ng911-project. Accessed 2009

  16. http://www.cs.columbia.edu/irt/project/ng911/. Accessed 2009

  17. http://www.its.dot.gov/ng911/pubs/NG911_FINAL_Requirements_v2.htm. Accessed 2009

  18. http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-schulzrinne-sipping-sos-04. Accessed 2009

  19. I-P-tel GmbH (2009) Sipdroid-free SIP/VoIP client for android. http://code.google.com/p/sipdroid

  20. Jennings C, Mahy R, Roach A (2007) Relay extensions for the message session relay protocol (MSRP). RFC 4976, Internet Engineering Task Force. http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4976

  21. JPG Quality Comparison Chart (2007) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_picture_candidates/Image:Quality_comaprison_jpg_vs_saveforweb.jpg

  22. Kevin S, Neil R, Yves L (1996) MBONE: multicasting tomorrow’s Internet. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  23. Kim JY, Song W, Schulzrinne H (2006) An enhanced VoIP emergency services prototype. In: Information systems for crisis response and management

  24. Kraut RE, Fussell SR, Siegel J (2003) Visual information as a conversational resource in collaborative physical tasks. In: Human–computer interaction

  25. Langle L, Dantu R (2002) Are you a safe driver. In: IEEE international conference on embedded and pervasive systems

  26. Lin YJ, Shen CT, Lin CC, Yen HC (2009) A fast image fusion algorithm for image stabilization on hand-held consumer electronics. In: ICCE ’09, digest of technical papers international conference on consumer electronics

  27. Luca V (2005) MjSIP-mini tutorial. http://moya.iyard.org/pub/Technology/JavaSIP/mjsip_mini_tutorial_01.pdf

  28. Nahrstedt K, Yang Z, Wu W, Arefin A, Rivas R (2011), Next generation session management for 3D teleimmersive interactive environments. Multimedia Tools Appl (Springer) 51:593–623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. NSF Workshop Report (2002) Network research testbeds. Tech. rep

  30. NSF Workshop Report (2005) Overcoming barriers to disruptive innovation in networking. Tech. rep

  31. Ranjan A, Birnholtz JP, Balakrishnan R (2006) An exploratory analysis of partner action and camera control in a video-mediated collaborative task. In: Proceedings of the ACM conference of computer-supported cooperative work

  32. Reynolds B, Ghosal D (2002) STEM: secure telephony enabled middlebox. IEEE Commun Mag (Special issue on security in telecommunication networks)

  33. Rosenberg J, Henning S, Camarillo G, Johnston A, Peterson J, Sparks R, Handley M, Schooler E (2002) SIP: session initiation protocol. RFC 3261, Internet Engineering Task Force. http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3261.txt

  34. Schulzrinne H (2008) A uniform resource name (URN) for emergency and other well-known services. In: RFC 5031

  35. Schulzrinne H, Arabshian K (2002) Providing emergency services in Internet telephony. In: IEEE Internet computing

  36. Song W, Kim JY, Schulzrinne H, Boni P, Armstrong M (2009) Using IM and SMS for emergency text communications. In: IPTComm’09

  37. The Emulab Testbed (2009) http://www.emulab.net/

  38. Vikram C (2010) Measuring vital signs using smartphones. Dissertation, University of North Texas

  39. White B, Lepreau J, Stoller L, Ricci R, Guruprasad S, Newbold M, Hibler M, Barb C, Joglekar A (2002) An integrated experimental environment for distributed systems and networks. In: Proceedings of the 5th symposium on operating systems design and implementation

  40. Wild Packets (2009) OmniPeak: network analyzer. http://www.wildpackets.com/products/network_analysis_and_monitoring/omnipeek_network_analyzer/voip_monitoring

  41. Xi B, Chen H, Cleveland WS, Telkamp T (2010) Statistical analysis and modeling of Internet VoIP traffic for network engineering. Electron J Stat 4:58–116

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

This work is partially supported by the National Science Foundation under grants CNS-0751205 and CNS-0821736.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA

    Vikram Chandrasekaran, Ram Dantu & Kalyan Pathapati Subbu

Authors
  1. Vikram Chandrasekaran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ram Dantu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kalyan Pathapati Subbu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ram Dantu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Chandrasekaran, V., Dantu, R. & Subbu, K.P. Socio-technical aspects of remote media control for a NG9-1-1 system. Multimed Tools Appl 62, 733–759 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-011-0875-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-011-0875-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation