Abstract
As a new generation of compression encoding standard, MPEG-2/4 Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) would be a widely-used audio format in the near future. However, these AAC audios often be forged by audio forgers for their own benefits in some significant events, which will cause double AAC compression. In this paper, the probability values and Markov features based on the Huffman codebook indexes of AAC audio were constructed and an efficient algorithm is proposed to detect double compression. Experimental results demonstrate that our method has high detection accuracy and low computational complexity. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time to apply double compression detection to AAC audio forensics.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chen C, & Shi YQ (2008) JPEG Image Steganalysis Utilizing both Intrablock and Interblock Correlations. Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences (ISCAS): 3029–3032
Chen C, Shi YQ, & Su W (2008) A Machine Learning Based Scheme for Double JPEG Compression Detection. 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), December 8–11: 1–4
Chivukula RK, Reznik YA, & Devarajan V (2008) Efficient Algorithms for MPEG-4 AAC-ELD, AAC-LD and AAC-LC Filterbanks. International Conference on Audio, Language and Image Processing: 1626–1634
D’Alessandro B, & Shi Y (2009) MP3 bit rate quality detection through frequency spectrum analysis. Proceedings of the 11th ACM Workshop on Multimedia and Security: 57–61
FAAC 1.28, AAC encoder, http://sourceforge.net/projects/faac/files/faac-src/faac-1.28/faac-1.28.zip/download
Herre J, Dietz M (2008) MPEG-4 high-efficiency AAC coding. Signal Proc Magazine, IEEE 35(3):137–142
http://txs.miit.gov.cn/n11293472/n11293832/n15214847/n15218234/15698666.html
ISO/IEC 13818–7 (1997) Information technology—generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information—part 7: advanced audio coding (AAC)
Liu Q, Sung AH, Qiao M (2010) Detection of double MP3 compression. Cogn Comput 2(4):291–296
NeroAACCodec-1.5.1, AAC codec, http://ftp6.nero.com/tools/NeroAACCodec-1.5.1.zip
Qi D, & Xijian P (2010) Steganalysis of Compressed Speech Based on Histogram Features. The 6th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, Chengdu, China: 1–4
Qiao M, Sung AH, & Liu Q (2010) Revealing real quality of double compressed MP3 audio. ACM Multimedia: 1011–1014
Qiao M, Sung AH, & Liu Q. Steganalysis of MP3Stego. International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN): 2566–2571
Rui Y, Yunqing S, Jiwu H (2010) Detecting double compression of audio signal. Media Forensics and Security II, San Jose, pp 1–10
Shi YQ, Chen C, & Chen W (2006) A Markov Process Based Approach to Effective Attacking JPEG Steganography. Information Hiding: 249–264
Swati G, Seongho C, Jay Kuo C-C (2012) Current developments and future trends in audio authentication. IEEE MultiMed 19(1):50–59
Tan J, & Wang R (2008) The Analysis of VLC-Coded Efficiency Based on MPEG-I Layer III Audio. International Conference on Cyberworlds, September: 136–141
Yang R, Shi Y, & Huang J (2009) Defeating fake-quality MP3. Proceedings of the 11th ACM Workshop on Multimedia and Security: 117–124
Zhu J, Wang R, Li J, & Yan D (2011) The filterbank in MP3 and AAC Encoders: A Comparative Analysis. 2011 International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Control: 1110–1113
Zhu J, Wang R, Li J, Yan D (2011) A Huffman coding section-based steganography for AAC audio. Inf Technol J 10(10):1983–1988
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61170137, 61300055, 61301247), Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. LY13F020013), Ningbo Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 2013A610057, 2013A610059), Ningbo University Fund (Grant No. XKXL1313, XKXL1310) and K.C. Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jin, C., Wang, R., Yan, D. et al. An efficient algorithm for double compressed AAC audio detection. Multimed Tools Appl 75, 4815–4832 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-015-2552-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-015-2552-2